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Molecular Age Estimation: Current Perspectives and Future Considerations.

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Molecular biomarkers offer advanced forensic age estimation, improving accuracy over traditional methods. DNA methylation shows promise, but standardization and validation are crucial for routine forensic use.

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Area of Science:

  • Forensic Science
  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Forensic age estimation is vital for legal and humanitarian cases.
  • Traditional methods (anthropological, radiological) have limitations like subjectivity and reduced adult precision.
  • Molecular biomarkers offer objective, measurable indicators of biological aging.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current molecular approaches for forensic age estimation.
  • To evaluate the biological basis and limitations of these methods.
  • To discuss their potential integration into forensic workflows.

Main Methods:

  • Review of molecular techniques including DNA methylation, Y-chromosome markers, RNA, mtDNA, proteomics, and telomere length.
  • Evaluation of predictive performance and biological relevance.
  • Analysis of challenges for forensic implementation.

Main Results:

  • DNA methylation-based models show the strongest predictive performance among molecular methods.
  • Various molecular approaches reflect biological aging processes.
  • Challenges include tissue specificity, environmental influences, population variability, and validation needs.

Conclusions:

  • Molecular techniques present promising advancements for forensic age estimation.
  • Further standardization, validation, and careful interpretation are necessary for routine forensic application.
  • These methods can complement traditional techniques, enhancing accuracy and objectivity.