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Updated: Apr 15, 2026

Evaluating the Electrochemical Properties of Supercapacitors using the Three-Electrode System
Published on: January 7, 2022
Supercapacitor Model with Charge-Dependent Parameters Based on Experimental Frequency Response
Carlos Gilabert-Torres1,2, Sergio Ignacio Serna-Garcés3, Carlos Andrés Ramos-Paja4
1Electronic Engineering and Automatic Department, University of Jaen, Las Lagunillas Campus, A3 Building, 23071 Jaen, Spain.
Abstract:
The characterization of supercapacitors (SCs), particularly electric double-layer capacitors (EDLCs), is useful for the design of energy management systems. This article presents a five-parameter dynamic model based on electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) data. Unlike conventional fixed-parameter models, this study explores an approach that accounts for voltage dependence. The model was evaluated using four commercial 58-farad SCs over a frequency range of 10 mHz to 300 kHz and at voltages ranging from 6.25% to 93.75% of the nominal value. The results show that the parameters vary with the state of charge; for example, the effective capacitance increased by up to 24% when moving from 6.25% to 50% of the nominal voltage. The model, fitted using nonlinear optimization algorithms, has a mean square percentage error (MSPE) of less than 3%. This approach estimates the dynamic behavior of the SCs, facilitating the simulation and tuning of management and protection strategies.
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