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Polysaccharides such as glycogen and starch are synthesized from nucleoside diphosphate sugars, primarily uridine diphosphate glucose (UDPG) and adenosine diphosphate glucose (ADPG). These activated glucose donors act as key intermediates in carbohydrate metabolism and biosynthesis. UDPG primarily involves glycogen synthesis in animals and many bacteria, while ADPG plays a fundamental role in starch synthesis in plants and certain bacteria.UDPG is formed when glucose-1-phosphate reacts with...
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 Every plant cell has a cell wall that protects the cell, provides structural support, and gives the cell shape. Cellulose, the main structural component of the plant cell wall, makes up over 30% of plant matter. It is the most abundant organic compound on earth.  Cellulose is an unbranched polysaccharide composed of linear chains of glucose molecules linked by β (1→4) glycosidic bonds.
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Protein glycosylation starts in the ER lumen and continues in the Golgi apparatus. Glycosyltransferases catalyze the addition of sugar molecules or glycosylation of proteins. Usually, these enzymes add sugars to the hydroxyl groups of selected serine or threonine residues to form O-linked glycans or the amino groups of asparagine residues to form N-linked glycans. Different positions on the same polypeptide chain can contain differently linked glycans.
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Updated: Apr 15, 2026

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Inonotus obliquus Polysaccharides: Preparation, Structural Characteristics, Structure-Activity Relationships,

Siying Zhang1, Wenshuo Zhang1, Xue Wu1

  • 1School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China.

Nutrients
|April 14, 2026
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Summary

Inonotus obliquus polysaccharides (IOPs) show significant health benefits, including gut health and metabolic disease management. This review details IOPs

Keywords:
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Area of Science:

  • Mycology and Biochemistry
  • Pharmacology and Nutraceuticals

Background:

  • Inonotus obliquus, a medicinal fungus, is a rich source of bioactive polysaccharides.
  • These compounds possess a wide range of beneficial biological activities.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the isolation, purification, and structural characteristics of Inonotus obliquus polysaccharides (IOPs).
  • To explore the structure-activity relationships, biological properties, and mechanisms of IOPs.
  • To summarize the potential applications of IOPs in functional foods and medicine.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent research on Inonotus obliquus polysaccharides.
  • Analysis of studies on isolation, purification, structural elucidation, and bioactivity assessment.
  • Synthesis of information regarding structure-activity relationships and mechanisms of action.

Main Results:

  • IOPs exhibit diverse bioactivities: gut microbiota modulation, hypoglycemic, immunomodulatory, antitumor, antioxidant, hypolipidemic, and antiviral effects.
  • Favorable safety profiles support their therapeutic and functional food potential.
  • Established structure-activity relationships guide further development.

Conclusions:

  • Inonotus obliquus polysaccharides are promising candidates for functional foods and therapeutics, especially for metabolic diseases and cancers.
  • Further research can leverage these findings for practical applications in medicine and the food industry.
  • This review provides a comprehensive reference for IOPs' development.