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Related Concept Videos

Raman Spectroscopy: Overview01:20

Raman Spectroscopy: Overview

2.7K
The underlying principle of Raman spectroscopy is based on the interaction between light and matter, specifically molecules' inelastic scattering of photons. When a monochromatic beam of light, typically from a laser source, interacts with a sample, most scattered light has the same frequency as the incident light. This is known as Rayleigh scattering.
However, a small fraction of the scattered light exhibits a frequency shift due to the exchange of energy between the incident photons and...
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Raman Spectroscopy Instrumentation: Overview01:26

Raman Spectroscopy Instrumentation: Overview

1.9K
A conventional Raman spectrophotometer includes a laser source, a sample holding system, a wavelength selector, and a detector.
The monochromatic laser source, typically using visible or near-infrared radiation, generates a highly focused beam of light. This light interacts with the molecules of the sample, scattering some of the light. Liquid and gaseous samples are usually tested in ordinary glass capillaries, while solids can be analyzed as powders packed in capillaries or as potassium...
1.9K
IR Spectroscopy: Hooke's Law Approximation of Molecular Vibration01:16

IR Spectroscopy: Hooke's Law Approximation of Molecular Vibration

3.9K
A covalently bonded heteronuclear diatomic molecule can be modeled as two vibrating masses connected by a spring. The vibrational frequency of the bond can be expressed using an equation derived from Hooke's law, which describes how the force applied to stretch or compress a spring is proportional to the displacement of the spring. In this case, the atoms behave like masses, and the bond acts like a spring.
According to Hooke's law, the vibrational frequency is directly proportional to...
3.9K
¹³C NMR: ¹H–¹³C Decoupling01:04

¹³C NMR: ¹H–¹³C Decoupling

2.1K
The probability of having two carbon-13 atoms next to each other is negligible because of the low natural abundance of carbon-13. Consequently, peak splitting due to carbon-carbon spin-spin coupling is not observed in spectra. However, protons up to three sigma bonds away split the carbon signal according to the n+1 rule, resulting in complicated spectra.
A broadband decoupling technique is used to simplify these complex, sometimes overlapping, signals. Broadband decoupling relies on a...
2.1K
Molecular Spectroscopy: Absorption and Emission01:14

Molecular Spectroscopy: Absorption and Emission

5.5K
Molecules possess discrete energy levels called quantum states. Unlike atoms, which have simpler energy levels, molecules possess additional rotational and vibrational energy levels. Each energy level is separated by an energy gap, with the gaps between adjacent electronic, vibrational, and rotational levels varying significantly. The three types of energy levels in a diatomic molecule are shown in Figure 1.
5.5K
NMR Spectroscopy of Aromatic Compounds01:14

NMR Spectroscopy of Aromatic Compounds

6.7K
Aromatic compounds can be identified or analyzed using proton NMR and carbon‐13 NMR. Typically, aromatic hydrogens or hydrogens directly bonded to the aromatic rings are strongly deshielded by the aromatic ring current. Therefore, they absorb in the range of 6.5–8.0 ppm in proton NMR spectra. For instance, aromatic hydrogens directly bonded to the benzene ring absorb at 7.3 ppm. However, aromatic hydrogens of larger rings absorb farther upfield or downfield than the ideal range.
6.7K

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 15, 2026

An Integrated Raman Spectroscopy and Mass Spectrometry Platform to Study Single-Cell Drug Uptake, Metabolism, and Effects
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Revealing global stoichiometry conservation architecture in cells from Raman spectral patterns.

Ken-Ichiro F Kamei1, Koseki J Kobayashi-Kirschvink2, Takashi Nozoe1,3,4

  • 1Department of Basic Science, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.

Elife
|April 14, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Cells maintain homeostasis and adapt by organizing their proteome hierarchically. This structure, revealed by Raman spectroscopy, balances core components for stability and peripheral ones for flexibility, applicable across species.

Keywords:
E. coliM. bovisM. tuberculosisRamanS. cerevisiaeS. pombegeneticsgenomicshumanlow dimensionalityphysics of living systemsproteomestoichiometry conservation

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Area of Science:

  • Cellular Biology
  • Biophysics
  • Systems Biology

Background:

  • Cells must balance physiological homeostasis with environmental adaptability.
  • Understanding the organizational principles enabling this dual capability is crucial.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the molecular organization enabling simultaneous cellular adaptability and homeostasis.
  • To explore the link between cellular spectral patterns and proteome profiles.

Main Methods:

  • Measuring Raman scattering spectra from *Escherichia coli* cells across diverse conditions.
  • Applying dimension reduction to spectra to correlate with proteome profiles.
  • Analyzing the quantitative Raman-proteome correspondence for proteome structure.

Main Results:

  • Dimension-reduced Raman spectra predict condition-dependent proteome profiles.
  • A low-dimensional, hierarchical, stoichiometry-conserving proteome structure was identified.
  • Network centrality in stoichiometry relations correlates with gene essentiality and evolutionary conservation, conserved from bacteria to humans.
  • Core components ensure homeostasis via growth law; peripheral components facilitate adaptation.
  • Stoichiometric constraints manifest as significant changes in Raman spectral patterns.

Conclusions:

  • Cellular adaptability and homeostasis are governed by a global stoichiometric balance.
  • Vibrational spectroscopy (Raman scattering) can decipher these biological constraints.
  • The identified proteome structure provides a framework for understanding cellular resilience and adaptation.