Reimagining cardiac care with AI, LLMs, blockchain, and metaverse.

Area of Science:

• Cardiology
• Digital Health
• Health Informatics

Background:

• Artificial intelligence (AI) is revolutionizing cardiology through advanced data analysis and precision care.
• Large language models (LLMs), blockchain, and extended reality (XR) are emerging technologies with significant potential in healthcare.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review and consolidate literature on AI, LLMs, blockchain, and XR in cardiology.
• To evaluate the roles and integration potential of these technologies in cardiovascular care.
• To introduce a conceptual framework for a secure, intelligent, and interactive digital cardiovascular ecosystem.

Main Methods:

• A structured narrative review of peer-reviewed studies from 2018-2025 was conducted.
• Literature search performed on PubMed and Scopus, adhering to PRISMA 2020 guidelines.
• Thematic analysis of 50 selected studies (original research, reviews, conceptual papers) on AI, LLMs, blockchain, or XR in cardiology.

Main Results:

• LLMs show promise in documentation, education, and decision support, but face accuracy and bias challenges.
• Blockchain enhances data exchange and security but has scalability and interoperability issues.
• XR improves procedural precision and training but is limited by cost and validation; an integration model was proposed.

Conclusions:

• Integrating AI, LLMs, blockchain, and XR can create intelligent, secure, and interactive cardiovascular care.
• Further research is needed to validate integrated frameworks and establish ethical standards.
• Responsible adoption of AI in cardiology is crucial for future advancements.