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Related Concept Videos

Metallic Solids02:37

Metallic Solids

21.5K
Metallic solids such as crystals of copper, aluminum, and iron are formed by metal atoms. The structure of metallic crystals is often described as a uniform distribution of atomic nuclei within a “sea” of delocalized electrons. The atoms within such a metallic solid are held together by a unique force known as metallic bonding that gives rise to many useful and varied bulk properties.
All metallic solids exhibit high thermal and electrical conductivity, metallic luster, and...
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Acid Halides to Alcohols: Grignard Reaction01:15

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Organomagnesium halides, commonly known as Grignard reagents, convert acid halides to tertiary alcohols. The reaction requires two equivalents of the Grignard reagent and proceeds via a ketone intermediate.
Grignard reagents are a source of carbanions and function as nucleophiles. The mechanism begins with the nucleophilic attack by the carbanion at the carbonyl carbon of the acid halide to form a tetrahedral intermediate. Next, the carbonyl group is re-formed, and the halide ion departs,...
3.4K
Cycloaddition Reactions: MO Requirements for Thermal Activation01:16

Cycloaddition Reactions: MO Requirements for Thermal Activation

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Thermal cycloadditions are reactions where the source of activation energy needed to initiate the reaction is provided in the form of heat. A typical example of a thermally-allowed cycloaddition is the Diels–Alder reaction, which is a [4 + 2] cycloaddition. In contrast, a [2 + 2] cycloaddition is thermally forbidden.
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Alkenes via Reductive Coupling of Aldehydes or Ketones: McMurry Reaction01:22

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The radical dimerization of ketones or aldehydes gives vicinal diols through a pinacol coupling reaction. However, the behavior of titanium metals used for the reaction as a source of electrons is unusual. When the reaction is carried out in the presence of titanium, diols can be isolated at low temperatures. Else titanium further reacts with diols, forming alkenes through the McMurry reaction.
2.4K
Radical Substitution: Hydrogenolysis of Alkyl Halides with Tributyltin Hydride01:26

Radical Substitution: Hydrogenolysis of Alkyl Halides with Tributyltin Hydride

2.4K
Radical substitution reactions can be used to remove functional groups from molecules. The hydrogenolysis of alkyl halides is one such reaction, where the weak Sn–H bond in tributyltin hydride reacts with alkyl halides to form alkanes. Here, the reagent Bu3SnH yields tributyltin halide as a byproduct.
The bonds formed in this reaction are stronger than the bonds broken, making it energetically favorable. The reaction follows a radical chain mechanism similar to radical halogenation...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 15, 2026

The Synthesis of [Sn10SiSiMe334]2- Using a Metastable SnI Halide Solution Synthesized via a Co-condensation Technique
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Ag32Cu12(SR)30 4-: A New Alloy Cluster Through Intercluster Reaction.

Masrakul Alam1, Hasem Ansari1, Soumabha Bag2

  • 1Department of Chemistry, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India.

Chemistry, an Asian Journal
|April 14, 2026
PubMed
Summary

This study reports the successful alloying of copper (Cu) into silver (Ag) atomically precise clusters, creating a novel Ag-Cu alloy structure. The research demonstrates high-level Cu mixing without altering the cluster

Keywords:
Ag32Cu12 clusterAg44 clusterAg–Cu alloy clusterintercluster reactionmass spectrometry

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Area of Science:

  • * Nanomaterials Science
  • * Inorganic Chemistry
  • * Cluster Chemistry

Background:

  • * Alloying atomically precise clusters while maintaining structural integrity is difficult, especially in multilayer cores where bond mismatches cause distortion and symmetry loss.
  • * Previous alloying attempts with gold (Au) in the [Ag44(4-FTP)30]4- system did not yield multilayer alloys.

Purpose of the Study:

  • * To investigate the feasibility of incorporating copper (Cu) into the [Ag44(4-FTP)30]4- cluster system.
  • * To characterize the resulting alloy structure and understand the atomistic distribution of Cu within the cluster.
  • * To explore the potential for multilayer alloying in silver cluster systems.

Main Methods:

  • * Synthesis of Ag-Cu alloy clusters via an intercluster reaction pathway.
  • * Characterization using UV-vis absorption spectroscopy.
  • * Analysis by electrospray mass spectrometry (ESI MS) and trapped ion mobility spectrometry (TIMS).
  • * Theoretical investigation using density functional theory (DFT) calculations.

Main Results:

  • * Formation of a novel Ag-Cu alloy cluster, [Ag32Cu12(4-FTP)30]4-, with high-level Cu mixing.
  • * Observation of a minor isomer, [Ag31Cu13(4-FTP)30]4-, indicating potential for multilayer alloying.
  • * DFT and TIMS suggest Cu atoms preferentially occupy outer staple positions but can migrate between layers.
  • * TIMS revealed a dynamic equilibrium between isomeric species, suggesting interlayer Cu migration.

Conclusions:

  • * High-level heteroatom alloying is achievable in multilayer silver clusters, forming stable Ag-Cu alloy structures.
  • * Copper atoms exhibit preferential site occupancy but possess mobility within the cluster core.
  • * The findings open avenues for exploring alloying with various heteroatoms in atomically precise clusters.