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Cardiomyopathy I: Introduction and Classification01:25

Cardiomyopathy I: Introduction and Classification

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Cardiomyopathy, or CMP, is a group of diseases affecting the myocardial structure, impairing its ability to pump blood effectively. This condition can lead to arrhythmias, heart failure, or sudden cardiac death.Cardiomyopathies are classified into primary and secondary categories:Primary Cardiomyopathy refers to conditions involving only the heart muscle that are often idiopathic (of unknown cause) or genetic. They primarily affect the myocardium without the involvement of other systemic...
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Cardiomyopathy II: Dilated Cardiomyopathy01:30

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Dilated cardiomyopathy, or DCM, is a progressive myocardial disorder characterized by ventricular chamber dilation and contractile dysfunction.EtiologyVarious factors can cause DCM, including hypertension and heavy alcohol intake, which contribute to the weakening and enlargement of the heart muscle. Viral infections, such as Coxsackievirus B, adenoviruses, and influenza, can lead to DCM by causing inflammation and damage to heart tissue. Certain chemotherapeutic agents, including daunorubicin,...
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Cardiomyopathy V: Interprofessional Care01:29

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Managing cardiomyopathy involves addressing underlying or precipitating causes, treating heart failure with medications, and implementing dietary changes and a balanced exercise and rest regimen.Lifestyle ModificationsCardiomyopathy patients should adopt a low-sodium diet to reduce fluid retention and manage heart failure. A personalized exercise and rest plan helps maintain physical fitness without overstraining the heart. Avoiding alcohol and tobacco is essential to prevent further damage to...
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Cardiomyopathy III: Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy01:29

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Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, or HCM, is an autosomal dominant genetic disorder characterized by asymmetric left ventricular hypertrophy without ventricular dilation. It is more common in men and is typically diagnosed in young, athletic adults.EtiologyHCM is primarily genetic and is caused by mutations in genes encoding sarcomeric proteins. Researchers have identified over 1400 mutations across at least 11 different genes. Among these, the most frequently occurring mutations are found in the...
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Heart Failure IV: Classification and Diagnostic Evaluation01:30

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Heart failure can be classified in various ways, with the most common classifications based on physical activity limitations, disease progression, severity, and treatment strategies.The Functional Classification of Heart Failure divides patients into four categories based on physical activity limitation due to symptom burden.Class I: Patients in this class have cardiac disease but no physical activity limitations. Ordinary activities like walking, climbing stairs, or routine tasks do not cause...
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Cardiomyopathy IV: Restrictive Cardiomyopathy01:29

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Restrictive cardiomyopathy (RCM) is a rare heart muscle disease characterized by impaired ventricular filling due to stiffened ventricular walls, leading to significant diastolic dysfunction.EtiologyRestrictive cardiomyopathy can arise from both inherited and acquired diseases, many of which are systemic. It is categorized into four main types: infiltrative, storage, non-infiltrative, and endomyocardial diseases.Infiltrative diseases, such as amyloidosis, lead to RCM by depositing amyloid...
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Cardiovascular-Kidney-Metabolic Syndrome: Development of an ICD-10-CM Coding Framework.

Minzhe Zhao1, Junhao Zhang1, Huiyun Wang2

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A new coding framework operationalizes Cardiovascular-Kidney-Metabolic (CKM) syndrome stages 0-4 using ICD-10-CM codes. This enables reproducible identification and analysis of CKM stages in real-world data.

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Area of Science:

  • Health Informatics
  • Clinical Epidemiology
  • Cardiovascular Medicine

Background:

  • Cardiovascular-Kidney-Metabolic (CKM) syndrome involves interconnected cardiometabolic risk factors, chronic kidney disease (CKD), and cardiovascular disease (CVD).
  • The American Heart Association (AHA) proposed a 4-stage system (0-4) for CKM risk stratification and prevention.
  • A lack of a unified ICD-10-CM code for CKM hinders standardized data analysis in electronic health records (EHRs) and claims.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop an ICD-10-CM coding framework aligned with AHA CKM stages (0-4).
  • To operationalize CKM staging for reproducible cohort identification and stage-based analyses in real-world data.
  • To create an implementation template for standardized CKM staging.

Main Methods:

  • Mapping AHA CKM stages (0-4) to ICD-10-CM diagnosis codes using FY2026 conventions.
  • Applying code-set engineering best practices and clinician review for accuracy.
  • Defining a hierarchical staging algorithm, co-occurrence rules, and lookback/encounter-confirmation thresholds for reproducibility.

Main Results:

  • Stage-specific ICD-10-CM code sets for CKM stages 0-4 were developed.
  • Stage 1: excess adiposity/prediabetes. Stage 2: metabolic disease/early CKD.
  • Stage 3: subclinical CVD/high-risk CKD. Stage 4: overt CVD/kidney failure.

Conclusions:

  • The developed framework facilitates transparent and reproducible CKM staging in real-world datasets.
  • Supports stage-based epidemiologic and health-system applications.
  • Empirical validation and local testing are recommended before clinical deployment.