Interfacial Energetics Reconstruction via Bridging Engineering for Efficient Inverted Perovskite Solar Cells and...

Energy losses at perovskite/C₆₀ interface, stemming from energetic mismatch due to suboptimal interfacial contact, critically restricts the performance and stability of inverted perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Herein, we introduce nitromethyl phenyl sulfone (NMePS) to comprehensively optimize interfacial states, thereby minimizing energy losses of devices. Leveraging the bridging effect, NMePS not only significantly reduces the trap state density in perovskite films, but also yields a superior morphology conducive to subsequent C₆₀ deposition. More importantly, NMePS provides additional π-π interaction sites and modulates the chemical state of C₆₀ to promote the uniform dispersion and compact stacking of C₆₀ electron transport layer (ETL). The resulting perovskite/C₆₀ interface also enables favorable energy alignment through tailoring the electronic properties, which further optimizes charge transport dynamics. Thus, the inherent interfacial nonradiative recombination is effectively suppressed via interfacial energetic reconstruction, leading to significantly mitigated performance degradation. Consequently, NMePS-modified devices achieve efficiencies of 26.87% (0.045 cm²) and 25.06% (1.00 cm²), while demonstrating exceptional long-term stability (T₉₀ > 2600 h, 30°C), thermal stability (T₈₀ > 500 h, 85°C) and maximum power point tracking (MPPT) stability (T₉₀ > 1200 h, 30°C). Encouragingly, the 655.2 cm² active-area solar module with NMePS modification delivers a remarkable efficiency of 19.28%, demonstrating its tremendous potential for up-scaling.