A global perspective on autoimmunity and immunodeficiency: exploring geoepidemiology trends

Autoimmune and primary immunodeficiency disorders represent a growing global health burden influenced by a complex interplay of genetic, environmental, and socioeconomic factors. This paper offers a geoepidemiological analysis of these conditions, highlighting regional differences in incidence, diagnosis, and outcomes. Immunodeficiencies such as Common Variable Immunodeficiency (CVID), complement deficiencies, Selective IgA Deficiency, and Severe Combined Immunodeficiency illustrate the influence of healthcare access and genetic variation on detection and management. For instance, CVID is disproportionately diagnosed in high-income countries due to greater registry systems and awareness, while complement deficiencies demonstrate strong geographic associations with higher rates of C6 deficiency in Africans and C9 deficiency in East Asians. This paper also explores how environmental and genetic determinants contribute to disease distribution. Latitude, vitamin D exposure, and infectious triggers such as Epstein-Barr virus and Coxsackievirus are further associated with autoimmune dysregulation. Challenges in studying geoepidemiology include underreporting, diagnostic limitations, and regional variability in healthcare infrastructure. However, advances in artificial intelligence and international data sharing provide new opportunities to improve disease recognition and allocate resources effectively. Understanding these geographic and demographic patterns enhances insight into disease mechanisms and can also guide the development of treatment and diagnostic guidelines.