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Cancers Originate from Somatic Mutations in a Single Cell

Cancers Originate from Somatic Mutations in a Single Cell

Cancer arises from mutations in the critical genes that allow healthy cells to escape cell cycle regulation and acquire the ability to proliferate indefinitely. Though originating from a single mutation event in one of the originator cells, cancer progresses when the mutant cell lines continue to gain more and more mutations, and finally, become malignant. For example, chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) develops initially as a non-lethal increase in white blood cells, which progressively...

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Comparing Copy Number Variations and SNPs

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Sequencing of the human genome has opened up several best-kept secrets of the genome. Scientists have identified thousands of genome variations that exist within a population. These variations can be a single nucleotide or a larger chromosomal variation.
Copy number variations or CNVs are the structural variations that cover more than 1kb of DNA sequence. The single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), on the other hand, is a single nucleotide change or a point mutation that is found in more than 1%...

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Cancer-Critical Genes II: Tumor Suppressor Genes

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Genes usually encode proteins necessary for the proper functioning of a healthy cell. Mutations can often cause changes to the gene expression pattern, thereby altering the phenotype.
When the function of certain critical genes, especially those involved in cell cycle regulation and cell growth signaling cascades, gets disrupted, it upsets the cell cycle progression. Such cells with unchecked cell cycles start proliferating uncontrollably and eventually develop into tumors.
Such genes that act...

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Updated: Apr 16, 2026

Detecting Somatic Genetic Alterations in Tumor Specimens by Exon Capture and Massively Parallel Sequencing

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Genome-Wide Copy-Number Landscape of Germ Cell Tumors With Synchronous Conventional and "Somatic-Type" Malignancy

Kvetoslava Michalova^1,2, Melissa Hruby³, Nicholas Baniak⁴

¹Department of Pathology, Charles University, Faculty of Medicine in Plzen.

The American Journal of Surgical Pathology

|April 14, 2026

Summary

Somatic-type malignancies (SMs) in germ cell tumors (GCTs) share similar copy number alterations (CNAs) with conventional GCTs, suggesting a common origin. Differences in CNAs in a subset of SMs may indicate earlier clonal evolution and tumor progression.

Keywords:

CNA germ cell tumors somatic type malignancy testis

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Detection of Copy Number Alterations Using Single Cell Sequencing

Detection of Copy Number Alterations Using Single Cell Sequencing

Published on: February 17, 2017

Area of Science:

Oncology
Genetics
Pathology

Background:

Somatic-type malignancies (SMs) in germ cell tumors (GCTs) resemble other cancers but their genomic profiles are not fully understood.
Previous studies suggested differences in copy number alterations (CNAs) between SMs and conventional GCTs, but direct comparisons were lacking.

Purpose of the Study:

To compare genome-wide CNAs between paired SM and conventional GCT components within individual tumors.
To investigate the clonal relationship and evolutionary patterns of SMs within GCTs.

Main Methods:

Analysis of 22 paired samples from 11 GCTs, including synchronous conventional GCT and SM components.
Genome-wide comparative analysis of copy number alterations (CNAs) in matched tumor samples.

Main Results:

Most paired samples (73%) exhibited similar CNA profiles, supporting a common clonal origin for SMs and conventional GCTs.
A subset of tumors (27%) showed distinct CNA profiles, with SMs having more CNAs, potentially reflecting earlier divergent evolution.
No highly recurrent CNAs were specifically identified in the SM components.

Conclusions:

The overall similarity in CNA profiles reinforces the shared clonal origin of SMs and conventional GCTs.
Observed CNA differences in a subset of SMs may be linked to earlier subclonal evolution and could contribute to tumor progression.