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Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion (MIC) is a significant form of material degradation caused by the metabolic activities of microorganisms. This phenomenon poses substantial challenges across various industries, including oil and gas, maritime, and water treatment sectors.MIC occurs when microorganisms, such as bacteria, archaea, and fungi, colonize metal surfaces, forming biofilms that alter the local electrochemical environment. These biofilms can lead to the production of corrosive...
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Antimicrobial proteins are important components of the immune system. They aid the body in combating pathogens by either killing them directly or hindering their replication processes. Four main types of antimicrobial substances are interferons, the complement system, iron-binding proteins, and antimicrobial proteins.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 16, 2026

Detection of Endotoxin in Nano-formulations Using Limulus Amoebocyte Lysate LAL Assays
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Engineered Lactoferrin Nanoparticle Coronas as a Tunable Platform for Immunomodulation and Antibacterial Function.

Jacob R Shaw1, Ryan Yim1,2, Jaclyn Printz1

  • 1Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, 20 N. Pine Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, United States.

ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces
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PubMed
Summary

This study introduces a novel nanoparticle platform combining lactoferrin (Lf) with poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles. The resulting PLGA@Lf nanoparticles balance immune stimulation and suppression, offering a promising strategy for infectious and inflammatory diseases.

Keywords:
PLGASepsisinflammationlactoferrinnanoparticlespolymerprotein corona

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Area of Science:

  • Biomaterials Science
  • Nanotechnology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Lactoferrin (Lf) is a glycoprotein with known antimicrobial and immunomodulatory effects.
  • Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles possess intrinsic anti-inflammatory properties.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To engineer a modular nanoparticle platform (PLGA@Lf) by creating a multilayered lactoferrin protein corona on PLGA nanoparticles.
  • To investigate the dual functionality of PLGA@Lf in balancing immune activation and suppression for therapeutic applications.

Main Methods:

  • Engineered PLGA nanoparticles with a multilayered lactoferrin (Lf) protein corona (PLGA@Lf).
  • Characterized nanoparticle properties, including particle size and zeta potential, to confirm corona formation.
  • Assessed immune cell stimulation, phagocytosis of Escherichia coli bioparticles, and cytokine levels in LPS-challenged macrophages.
  • Evaluated in vitro antimicrobial activity against bioluminescent E. coli.
  • Tested the anti-inflammatory efficacy in an in vivo LPS-induced endotoxemia model.

Main Results:

  • Lactoferrin adsorbed stably onto PLGA nanoparticles in a concentration-dependent manner, forming a multilayered corona.
  • PLGA@Lf stimulated innate immune cells and enhanced E. coli bioparticle phagocytosis.
  • Pro-inflammatory cytokine levels were reduced in LPS-challenged macrophages treated with PLGA@Lf.
  • Demonstrated robust in vitro inhibition of E. coli growth.
  • Significantly reduced plasma TNF-α levels in an in vivo endotoxemia model, indicating enhanced anti-inflammatory effects.

Conclusions:

  • PLGA@Lf nanoparticles represent a dual-function nanomaterial platform.
  • This platform effectively balances immune stimulation and suppression responses.
  • PLGA@Lf offers a promising therapeutic strategy for managing infectious and inflammatory diseases.