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Gestational diabetes alters subgingival pathobiont composition.

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Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is linked to altered oral bacteria. While some bacteria decreased with GDM, Tannerella forsythia showed increased GDM risk, indicating a shift in periodontal pathobionts.

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Area of Science:

  • Periodontology and Obstetrics
  • Microbiome Research
  • Metabolic Disease Research

Background:

  • Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a common pregnancy complication.
  • Periodontal disease is associated with systemic health issues.
  • Specific oral pathobionts may play a role in GDM pathogenesis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the association between GDM and periodontal dysbiosis.
  • To evaluate specific periodontal pathobionts (P. gingivalis, P. intermedia, T. forsythia, T. denticola), clinical parameters, and PISA in GDM.
  • To explore the relationship between these factors and GDM status.

Main Methods:

  • Cross-sectional study of 101 GDM and 98 non-GDM pregnant women (16-36 weeks gestation).
  • Clinical periodontal parameters and Periodontal Inflamed Surface Area (PISA) were measured.
  • Subgingival plaque analyzed for pathobiont levels; associations assessed via logistic regression and path analysis.

Main Results:

  • GDM group exhibited significantly higher clinical parameters and PISA values.
  • P. gingivalis levels were similar between groups.
  • P. intermedia and T. denticola were higher in non-GDM and negatively associated with GDM; T. forsythia was positively associated with GDM risk (1.208-fold increase).

Conclusions:

  • GDM and hormonal changes may alter subgingival pathobiont composition.
  • A higher burden of T. forsythia is observed in GDM patients.
  • P. intermedia appears less prevalent in the subgingival environment of GDM patients.