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Related Concept Videos

Tumor Immunotherapy01:27

Tumor Immunotherapy

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Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.
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Targeted Cancer Therapies02:57

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The targeted cancer therapies, also known as “molecular targeted therapies,” take advantage of the molecular and genetic differences between the cancer cells and the normal cells. It needs a thorough understanding of the cancer cells to develop drugs that can target specific molecular aspects that drive the growth, progression, and spread of cancer cells without affecting the growth and survival of other normal cells in the body.
There are several types of targeted therapies against...
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Related Experiment Video

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Scalable Biomanufacturing Workflow to Produce and Isolate Natural Killer Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicle-Based Cancer Biotherapeutics
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Engineering Extracellular Vesicles for Tumor Targeted Therapy: Source Optimization, Modification, and Clinical

Jiaxin Sui1,2,3,4,5, HanBin Qin2,3,4,5,6, Zile Zhang2,3,4,5,7

  • 1Qingdao University Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China.

International Journal of Nanomedicine
|April 15, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) offer a promising cell-free nanotherapeutic approach for cancer treatment, enabling targeted delivery of therapeutic agents to tumors. Bioengineering strategies and AI advancements are optimizing engineered EVs for improved cancer therapy, despite challenges in production and standardization.

Keywords:
EVsclinical translationengineered EVsextracellular vesiclestumor microenvironmenttumor targeted therapy

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Area of Science:

  • Nanomedicine and Drug Delivery
  • Cancer Therapeutics
  • Biotechnology

Background:

  • Conventional cancer therapies face limitations such as invasiveness, toxicity, and drug resistance.
  • Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are emerging as a promising cell-free nanotherapeutic platform due to their natural targeting and cargo delivery capabilities.
  • EVs offer advantages over synthetic nanocarriers, including biocompatibility, low immunogenicity, and ability to cross biological barriers.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically review the characteristics of animal- and plant-derived EVs for cancer therapy.
  • To highlight the translational applications of EVs in oncology, including immune activation, targeted delivery, and tumor microenvironment remodeling.
  • To introduce advanced bioengineering strategies for optimizing engineered EVs, including AI-assisted design and microfluidic manufacturing.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic review of existing literature on EV characteristics and applications in cancer.
  • Summary of bioengineering strategies for modifying EVs to enhance cargo loading, targeting, and stability.
  • Discussion of frontier innovations like AI and microfluidics in EV production and design.

Main Results:

  • Animal- and plant-derived EVs show potential in various cancer treatments through immune activation, targeted delivery, tumor microenvironment modulation, and anti-angiogenesis.
  • Engineered EVs demonstrate improved precision, controllability, and scalability through advanced bioengineering techniques.
  • EVs possess superior biocompatibility and targeting capabilities compared to synthetic nanocarriers.

Conclusions:

  • Engineered EVs hold transformative potential for advancing tumor-targeted therapy, especially for refractory or metastatic cancers.
  • Addressing challenges such as EV heterogeneity, production scalability, standardization, and safety is crucial for clinical translation.
  • Further research and development in EV bioengineering are essential to fully realize their therapeutic promise in oncology.