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Anaphylaxis is a severe, life-threatening hypersensitivity reaction mediated by Immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies. When IgE binds to allergens, it triggers the release of mediators– histamine, leukotrienes, and prostaglandins from mast cells and basophils. These mediators cause vasodilation, edema, and inflammation, leading to various symptoms.The primary allergens causing anaphylaxis include food items (e.g., peanuts, shellfish), drugs (e.g., penicillin, asparaginase, corticotropin,...
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Drug-related allergies are immune-mediated responses triggered by the administration of pharmacological agents. These hypersensitivity reactions are classified based on the immune mechanisms involved. The four primary types—Type I, II, III, and IV—are mediated by different immunological pathways and exhibit distinct clinical manifestations.Type I Hypersensitivity/ IgE-Mediated Reactions: Immunoglobulin E (IgE) immediately mediates Type I hypersensitivity reactions. Upon initial...
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Topical Chlorhexidine-Induced Oral Allergic Reaction: A Case Report.

Matteo Zotti1, Katia Rupel1, Marina Diolosà2

  • 1Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy, units.it.

Case Reports in Medicine
|April 15, 2026
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Summary

A rare allergic reaction to chlorhexidine gel caused upper lip swelling. Prompt diagnosis and prednisone treatment led to rapid symptom remission, highlighting the need for careful differential diagnosis in dental emergencies.

Keywords:
allergycase reportchlorhexidinehypersensitivity

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Area of Science:

  • Dentistry
  • Allergology
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Topical chlorhexidine is commonly used in dentistry for its antimicrobial properties.
  • Adverse reactions, though rare, can occur with topical medications.
  • Upper lip swelling can stem from various causes, necessitating accurate diagnosis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To report a rare case of allergic reaction to topical chlorhexidine gel.
  • To highlight the importance of differential diagnosis in cases of upper lip swelling.
  • To emphasize appropriate therapeutic management for such reactions.

Main Methods:

  • Case report detailing a patient's presentation with upper lip swelling.
  • Clinical examination and exclusion of infectious etiology.
  • Pharmacological intervention with prednisone.

Main Results:

  • The patient experienced significant upper lip swelling hours after applying chlorhexidine gel.
  • Infective causes originating from maxillary incisors were ruled out.
  • Prednisone administration resulted in rapid resolution of the swelling.

Conclusions:

  • Topical chlorhexidine gel can induce rare allergic reactions presenting as localized swelling.
  • Accurate differential diagnosis is crucial for managing upper lip swelling in dental patients.
  • Prompt and appropriate treatment, such as corticosteroids, can effectively manage allergic reactions.