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Related Concept Videos

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Excretion01:26

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Excretion

391
In pediatric medicine, understanding the renal function and drug elimination nuances is crucial for administering safe and effective treatments. Newborns, in particular, display markedly slower renal functions than adults, profoundly affecting how drugs are cleared from their bodies. This slower drug clearance requires clinicians to extend the dosing intervals for many medications to prevent drug accumulation and toxicity while ensuring therapeutic efficacy.One key area where these adjustments...
391
Drug Dosing: Infants and Children01:29

Drug Dosing: Infants and Children

896
Pediatric patient dosages diverge from adults due to disparities in body surface area, total body water, and extracellular fluid per kilogram of body weight. The dosing regimen considers the variations in pharmacokinetics and pharmacology across distinct age groups, encompassing preterm newborns, infants, young children, older children, and adolescents. Calculation of pediatric patient doses is predicated on determining body surface area, which exhibits a superior correlation with the child's...
896
Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Distribution01:17

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Distribution

505
Drug distribution in the pediatric population exhibits unique challenges and considerations due to the physiological differences between children, particularly neonates and infants, and adults. A crucial aspect of pediatric pharmacology is understanding how these differences impact the pharmacokinetics of various drugs, necessitating age-specific dosing strategies to ensure efficacy and safety.Neonates and infants have a higher total body water content, ~75%–90% of their body weight,...
505
Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Overview and Drug Absorption01:23

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Overview and Drug Absorption

851
Understanding the physiological differences in the pediatric population is crucial for effective pharmacotherapy. Neonates, infants, and children exhibit significant variations in gastric pH, gastric emptying time, intestinal transit time, and biliary function. These variations profoundly affect oral drug absorption, necessitating a nuanced approach to pediatric dosing.Neonates present with a unique physiological profile, having a gastric pH greater than 4 and faster and more irregular gastric...
851
Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Metabolism01:24

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Metabolism

360
In pediatric care, understanding the nuances of hepatic drug metabolism is crucial, as it significantly differs from that of adults. This divergence is primarily due to the developmental stage of drug-metabolizing enzymes, which affects how medications are processed in the body. In neonates, for instance, the activity of Phase I enzymes—critical for the initial breakdown of drugs—is markedly reduced, functioning at just 20–40% of the levels seen in adults. This reduction poses...
360
Pharmaceutical Poisoning: Potential Scenarios01:26

Pharmaceutical Poisoning: Potential Scenarios

102
Pharmaceutical poisoning can occur through various channels, impacting an estimated 2 million hospitalized patients in the U.S. annually with serious adverse drug responses. These scenarios encompass both therapeutic uses, such as drug toxicity, where even standard dosages can lead to severe central nervous system depression, and non-therapeutic exposures, including accidental ingestion by children, and environmental and occupational exposures.Unintentional poisonings often involve exploratory...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 16, 2026

Multiplex Therapeutic Drug Monitoring by Isotope-dilution HPLC-MS/MS of Antibiotics in Critical Illnesses
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Multiplex Therapeutic Drug Monitoring by Isotope-dilution HPLC-MS/MS of Antibiotics in Critical Illnesses

Published on: August 30, 2018

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Pediatric Antibiotic Prescribing Patterns From Emergency Department Visits.

Scott Gutovitz1, Sarah Astrab1, Hannah Chotiner2

  • 1Grand Strand Regional Medical Center (SG, SA, JB, SM, LJ, AC, SK), Myrtle Beach, SC.

The Journal of Pediatric Pharmacology and Therapeutics : JPPT : the Official Journal of PPAG
|April 15, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Pediatric emergency departments showed good adherence to antibiotic guidelines for respiratory and genitourinary infections between 2017-2022. Prescribing patterns improved, aligning with professional recommendations for pediatric infectious diseases.

Keywords:
emergency departmentpediatric antibioticspediatric prescriptionsprescription trends

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Area of Science:

  • Pediatric Emergency Medicine
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Antimicrobial Stewardship

Background:

  • Antibiotics are commonly prescribed for pediatric respiratory and genitourinary infections in emergency departments (EDs).
  • Existing guidelines and antibiograms aim to optimize antibiotic selection, but provider adherence is not well-documented.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the adherence of pediatric ED providers to established guidelines and antibiograms for antibiotic prescribing.
  • To assess trends in antibiotic use for pediatric respiratory and genitourinary infections over a six-year period.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective review of a national electronic medical record database from January 1, 2017, to December 31, 2022.
  • Analysis included de-identified pediatric patients discharged from the ED with an antibiotic prescription.
  • Antibiotics and infections were categorized, and prescribing patterns were analyzed annually.

Main Results:

  • Over 85,000 pediatric patients and 24,000 antibiotic prescriptions were analyzed.
  • Penicillin-based antibiotics increased for respiratory infections (76.5% to 81.3%), while cephalosporins rose for genitourinary infections (62.7% to 73.9%).
  • Significant yearly increases in guideline-concordant prescribing were observed for both infection types (p < 0.001).

Conclusions:

  • Pediatric ED providers demonstrated fair adherence to antibiotic guidelines for respiratory tract infections.
  • Adherence to antibiogram-guided treatment for genitourinary tract infections improved significantly over the study period.
  • These findings suggest a positive trend towards appropriate antibiotic use in pediatric emergency care.