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Satellite stem cells or myosatellite cells are quiescent stem cells that Alexander Mauro first identified in 1961. These cells are located between the sarcolemma, the plasma membrane of muscle fibers, and the basal lamina, the connective tissue sheath covering it. These mononucleated cells are activated in response to muscle injury, can transform into myoblasts, and may form or repair muscle fibers. Myosatellite cells can provide additional myonuclei for muscle regeneration or return to a...
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Regeneration is the process of restoring injured or lost tissues, organs, or body parts. While simpler organisms generally show greater ability to regenerate their whole body, few complex animals show similarly exceptional regeneration. For example, planarian flatworms have a unique regenerative potential making them a popular study organism among biologists to understand the mechanisms of whole body regeneration. Other organisms, such as hydra, also show extreme regeneration potential;...
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Directly acting muscle relaxants like dantrolene and botulinum toxin (BoNT) have distinct mechanisms and applications. Dantrolene, a hydantoin derivative, acts on the ryanodine receptor (RYR1) in skeletal muscle cells. RYR1 are calcium channels present at the sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane. In response to excitation, they release calcium ions from the sarcoplasmic reticulum to the cytosol. Calcium promotes actin-myosin-mediated contraction of muscles.
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Regeneration and repair processes are critical in healing damages caused by injury, disease, and aging. In regeneration, the damaged tissue is entirely replaced with new growth that restores the original architecture and function. In contrast, tissue repair usually results in a fixed tissue architecture involving scar formation. Scars generally do not reestablish tissue function and may also exhibit structural abnormalities at the injury site.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 16, 2026

Induction of Acute Skeletal Muscle Regeneration by Cardiotoxin Injection
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Gasdermin E: a missing link in muscle regeneration.

Swathy Krishna, Jill A Rafael-Fortney

    The Journal of Clinical Investigation
    |April 15, 2026
    PubMed
    Summary

    Gasdermin E (GSDME) in myeloid cells is crucial for muscle regeneration after injury. Its reduced levels in aging impair this process, but IL-18 may offer therapeutic potential.

    Area of Science:

    • Muscle regeneration
    • Cellular senescence
    • Inflammation

    Background:

    • Skeletal muscle regeneration is impaired by aging and disease.
    • The microenvironment's role in muscle repair is complex.
    • Gasdermin E (GSDME) function in muscle repair is largely unknown.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the role of GSDME in myeloid cells during skeletal muscle regeneration.
    • To determine the impact of GSDME on age-related muscle repair deficits.
    • To explore the therapeutic potential of IL-18 in aged muscle regeneration.

    Main Methods:

    • Genetic mouse models (GSDME knockout).
    • Pharmacological interventions.
    • Analysis of muscle injury, regeneration, and ectopic fat deposition.

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  • Assessment of GSDME expression in young and aged human and mouse muscle.
  • Main Results:

    • GSDME in myeloid cells is essential for normal muscle regeneration after sterile injury.
    • IL-18, downstream of GSDME, prevents ectopic fat deposition in muscle.
    • GSDME expression decreases with age and is reduced after injury in old mice.
    • IL-18 partially rescues regeneration in aged GSDME-knockout mice.

    Conclusions:

    • GSDME-mediated IL-18 release is a key mechanism for effective muscle regeneration.
    • Age-related decline in GSDME contributes to impaired muscle repair.
    • Targeting the GSDME-IL-18 pathway may represent a therapeutic strategy for age-associated muscle dysfunction.