An update on infectious encephalitis: from epidemiology to management

Infectious encephalitis (IE) is a serious neurological condition that poses a major global health threat. This review summarizes emerging pathogens, particularly arboviruses, updated diagnostic strategies, and evolving treatment approaches, emphasizing ongoing gaps in diagnosis and management.

Established arboviruses such as West Nile virus, Japanese encephalitis virus, Powassan virus, and Eastern Equine virus have regained attention due to their geographic expansion and the appearance of distinct genotypes. In parallel, increasing reports of encephalitis by newly emerging pathogens such as Oropouche virus and scrub typhus speak to the evolving nature of the epidemiology of IE. Advances in diagnostics, including multiplex PCR and metagenomic next-generation sequencing, have enhanced the breadth and accuracy of pathogen identification. As treatment options remain scarce, the role of immunomodulatory agents and novel antiviral molecules in the management of IE is actively being investigated.

The emergence of novel and reemerging pathogens highlights the need for rapid, accurate diagnostics. Advanced molecular techniques and the identification of novel therapeutic targets have the potential to change the landscape of IE. However, strengthening surveillance and vaccination strategies, along with ongoing efforts in vaccine development, remain crucial for optimizing patient outcomes, increasing public health preparedness, and mitigating future outbreaks.