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Experimental data-driven design of 3D range modulators for proton conformal FLASH applications.

Aoxiang Wang1,2, Jufri Setianegara2,3, Yuting Lin2,4

  • 1Department of Biomedical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.

Medical Physics
|April 15, 2026
PubMed
Summary

This study presents a novel data-driven method for designing 3D range modulators (3D RMs) for proton conformal FLASH radiotherapy. This approach accelerates the design process, enabling faster clinical translation of advanced proton therapy techniques.

Keywords:
3D range modulatorconformal FLASHproton therapy

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Area of Science:

  • Medical Physics
  • Radiotherapy Technology
  • Data-Driven Design

Background:

  • Proton ultra-high-dose-rate (FLASH) radiotherapy offers superior organ-at-risk sparing.
  • Current FLASH delivery is limited by single-energy cyclotrons, necessitating transmission beams for preclinical studies.
  • 3D range modulators (3D RMs) improve dose conformity but traditional designs are simulation-intensive.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and experimentally validate a data-driven design method for 3D RMs for proton conformal FLASH.
  • To overcome the limitations of time-consuming, simulation-based RM design.

Main Methods:

  • Designed three 3D RMs for varying target geometries using an experimental data library from a FLASH-capable proton synchrocyclotron.
  • Utilized a MATLAB-based simplified dose engine for expedient dose calculations.
  • 3D-printed RMs and experimentally delivered plans, validating with ion chamber, radiochromic film, and ionization chamber array measurements.

Main Results:

  • Achieved good dose conformities for all targets at FLASH dose-rates.
  • Experimental dose measurements showed >95% gamma passing rates (2%/2 mm), confirming accuracy of the data-driven approach.
  • Established a machine-specific model in approximately one day, significantly faster than traditional simulation methods.

Conclusions:

  • Experimentally validated an expedient data-driven design method for 3D RMs.
  • Demonstrated the feasibility of a non-simulation-based approach for 3D RM design.
  • Provided a practical foundation for the clinical translation of proton conformal FLASH radiotherapy.