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Related Concept Videos

Glucose Homeostasis: Regulation of Blood Glucose01:02

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Carbohydrates consumed through foods are converted into glucose, a crucial energy source for the body. In the prandial state, high blood glucose levels stimulate the secretion of insulin from the pancreas. Insulin inhibits hepatic glucose production and stimulates glucose uptake and metabolism by muscle and adipose tissue. The excess glucose is converted into glycogen and stored in the liver and muscles.
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Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia. The four categories of diabetes are type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, other specific types of diabetes, and gestational diabetes.
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Type 2 diabetes, characterized by insulin resistance, arises when the insulin receptors on cells lose responsiveness to insulin, diminishing the cell's capacity to take up glucose, resulting in elevated blood glucose levels. To receive a diagnosis of Type 2 diabetes, a series of blood glucose tests are necessary to assess whether the blood glucose falls within normal parameters. If the result is out of the normal range, a patient may be diagnosed as prediabetic or diabetic, depending on the...
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Without prolonged fasting, healthy individuals maintain blood glucose levels above 3.5 mM due to a well-adapted neuroendocrine counterregulatory system that effectively prevents acute hypoglycemia, a potentially life-threatening condition. The primary clinical scenarios for hypoglycemia encompass diabetes treatment, inappropriate production of endogenous insulin or insulin-like substances by tumors, and the use of glucose-lowering agents in non-diabetic individuals. Notably, hypoglycemia in the...
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Complex carbohydrates consumed cannot be absorbed into the small intestine in their original form. First, they must be hydrolyzed to a monosaccharide form such as glucose or galactose. These monosaccharides are then transported across the intestinal membrane and into the blood via transcellular transport. The intestinal epithelial cells allow the movement of these monosaccharides with a defined 'entry' through membrane transporter proteins present on their apical membrane and...
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Insulin is released by beta cells of the pancreas when blood glucose levels are high. It facilitates glucose absorption and utilization in insulin-dependent cells with insulin receptors on their plasma membranes. Insulin promotes glucose uptake by increasing the number of glucose transport proteins in the cell membrane, allowing glucose to enter the cell. As a result, glucose utilization and ATP production are enhanced.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 17, 2026

Author Spotlight: Exploring the Long-Term Health Impacts of Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection on Offspring
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Improving Metabolic Stability in Preterm Infants Using Continuous Glucose Monitoring: A Randomized Study.

Marcella Battaglini1, Andrea Calandrino1, Samuele Caruggi1

  • 1Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Department of Maternal and Neonatal Health, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy.

Neonatology
|April 15, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Real-time continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) significantly reduced hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia in preterm infants. However, it did not impact neurodevelopmental outcomes at two years corrected age.

Keywords:
Continuous glucose monitoringGlucose variabilityHyperglycemiaHypoglycemiaPreterm infants

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Area of Science:

  • Neonatal Medicine
  • Pediatric Endocrinology
  • Medical Technology

Background:

  • Preterm infants face significant risks from glycemic instability, impacting morbidity and neurodevelopment.
  • Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) shows potential for minimizing glycemic fluctuations in this vulnerable population.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate if real-time CGM improves glycemic control in preterm infants compared to standard care.
  • To assess the impact of real-time CGM on neurodevelopmental outcomes in preterm infants.

Main Methods:

  • A single-centre, prospective, randomized trial involving preterm infants allocated to real-time CGM or standard care.
  • Glycemic management guided by real-time CGM data versus intermittent blood glucose measurements.
  • Neurodevelopmental assessment at two years corrected age using Griffiths Scales of Child Development.

Main Results:

  • Real-time CGM group showed significantly fewer episodes of hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia in the first week and at 32 weeks postmenstrual age.
  • Statistical significance (p=0.0001) was achieved for reduced glycemic extremes in the CGM group.
  • No significant differences in neurodevelopmental outcomes were observed between the groups.

Conclusions:

  • Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) enables enhanced glycemic control strategies in preterm infants during the early neonatal period.
  • While effective for glycemic management, CGM did not demonstrate an effect on long-term neurodevelopmental outcomes in this study.