Invisible traces after traffic accidents: Psychological and behavioral consequences of physical Injuries

Road traffic crashes are sudden and traumatic events that extend beyond physical injuries, exerting profound adverse effects on individuals' cognitive, emotional, and social functioning. The literature demonstrates that survivors of road traffic crashes may develop a wide range of psychological responses, including Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), Acute Stress Disorder, depression, anxiety, traumatic grief, dissociative disorders, sleep disturbances, and avoidance behaviors. The severity and course of these reactions vary depending on multiple factors, such as the nature and intensity of the crash, prior trauma history, personality traits, level of social support, and demographic characteristics. This narrative review examines the psychological and behavioral responses observed in traffic crash survivors, highlighting how these responses differ across developmental stages, the risk factors that contribute to their emergence, and the ways in which psychological intervention needs are shaped. Findings indicate that children and adolescents are particularly vulnerable to the psychological consequences of traffic crashes due to their developmental characteristics. Among psychosocial intervention methods, trauma-focused cognitive-behavioral therapy, Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR), group therapy, virtual reality-based exposure techniques, and psychoeducation programs have been found to be effective. Early psychological assessment, timely referral to appropriate intervention programs, and strengthening social support networks are crucial for preventing chronicity and promoting well-being. In conclusion, this review underscores that traffic crashes generate not only physical but also significant psychological and societal consequences. The assessment of multidimensional post-traumatic responses, the identification of risk and protective factors, and the implementation of evidence-based interventions address critical gaps in the literature and make substantial contributions to reducing the psychosocial burden associated with traffic accidents.