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Updated: Apr 17, 2026
Using a Split-belt Treadmill to Evaluate Generalization of Human Locomotor Adaptation
Published on: August 23, 2017
Accelerated Split-Belt Gait Adaptation in Patients with Functional Tremor: Clues to a Generalized Precipitating
Jorik Nonnekes1, Danique Vierhoven2,3, Helena Cockx4
1Department of Rehabilitation, Centre of Expertise for Parkinson & Movement Disorders, Radboud University Medical Centre, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
Background:
Functional neurological disorders (FNDs) are common, disabling conditions that are genuinely experienced and arise from functional rather than structural abnormalities. Although theoretical frameworks implicate aberrant integration of prior expectations and sensory input, empirical evidence is limited, and it remains unclear whether such alterations reflect symptom-specific deficits or broader trait characteristics.
Objective:
To determine whether individuals with functional tremor exhibit altered integration of prior expectations and sensory input, by comparing their rate of adaptation to a split-belt gait perturbation with that of healthy controls.
Methods:
We examined split-belt treadmill adaptation-a paradigm inducing mismatch between predicted and actual sensory feedback-in patients with functional upper-limb tremor and age-matched healthy control subjects. Fifteen patients and 15 control subjects were recruited; three patients were excluded postenrolment because of the presence of functional gait features resulting in an inability to walk unsupported. Participants completed fast and slow tied-belt baseline walking, 7 minutes of split-belt adaptation, and 4 minutes of washout (ie, slow tied-belt walking). Adaptation and washout of step length asymmetry were quantified using single-exponential fits.
Results:
Baseline spatiotemporal gait parameters did not differ between groups. Patients with functional tremor adapted step length asymmetry significantly faster than control subjects (26.7 ± 24.9 seconds vs. 100.6 ± 82.2 seconds; P = 0.006) and showed faster adaptation when returning to tied-belt modus (4.1 ± 5.9 seconds vs. 12.2 ± 11.3 seconds; P = 0.033).
Conclusions:
These findings indicate that individuals with functional tremor exhibit enhanced adaptation to novel sensorimotor contexts, contrasting with slowed adaptation reported in other neurological populations such as Parkinson's disease. Because this study included people with upper-limb functional tremor, accelerated adaptation may reflect a predisposing trait of FND rather than a symptom-specific or task-dependent phenomenon. © 2026 The Author(s). Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
