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Related Concept Videos

The Synapse02:47

The Synapse

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Neurons communicate with one another by passing on their electrical signals to other neurons. A synapse is the location where two neurons meet to exchange signals. At the synapse, the neuron that sends the signal is called the presynaptic cell, while the neuron that receives the message is called the postsynaptic cell. Note that most neurons can be both presynaptic and postsynaptic, as they both transmit and receive information.
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Chemical Synapses01:26

Chemical Synapses

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Chemical synapses are specialized sites between two neurons or between a neuron and a non-neuronal cell like a muscle, glandular or sensory cell.
Because chemical synapses depend on the release of neurotransmitter molecules from synaptic vesicles to pass on their signal, there is an approximately one millisecond delay between when the axon potential reaches the presynaptic terminal and when the neurotransmitter leads to opening of postsynaptic ion channels. Additionally, this signaling is...
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Chemical Synapses01:26

Chemical Synapses

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Chemical synapses are specialized sites between two neurons or between a neuron and a non-neuronal cell like a muscle, glandular or sensory cell.
Because chemical synapses depend on the release of neurotransmitter molecules from synaptic vesicles to pass on their signal, there is an approximately one millisecond delay between when the axon potential reaches the presynaptic terminal and when the neurotransmitter leads to opening of postsynaptic ion channels. Additionally, this signaling is...
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Electrical Synapses01:28

Electrical Synapses

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Electrical synapses found in all nervous systems play important and unique roles. In these synapses, the presynaptic and postsynaptic membranes are very close together (3.5 nm) and are actually physically connected by channel proteins forming gap junctions.
Gap junctions allow the current to pass directly from one cell to the next. In contrast, in the chemical synapse, the neurotransmitters carry the information through the synaptic cleft from one neuron to the next. They consist of two...
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Overview of Synapses01:25

Overview of Synapses

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A synapse is a specialized structure where two neurons connect, allowing them to pass an electrical or chemical signal to another neuron. It is the point of communication between neurons. The term "synapse" is derived from the Greek word "synapsis," which means "conjunction." The entire process of neural communication revolves around the synapse. When activated, a neuron releases chemicals known as neurotransmitters into the synapse. These neurotransmitters cross the synapse and bind to...
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Neural Circuits01:25

Neural Circuits

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Neural circuits and neuronal pools are two of the main structures found in the nervous system. Neural circuits are networks of neurons that work together to carry out a specific task or process. They consist of interconnected neurons and glial cells, which provide structural and metabolic support.
Neuronal pools are collections of nerve cells with similar functions and interact through chemical and electrical signals. These pools include both interneurons (the central neural circuit nodes that...
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Updated: Apr 17, 2026

Electrophysiological and Morphological Characterization of Neuronal Microcircuits in Acute Brain Slices Using Paired Patch-Clamp Recordings
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Realizing Aqueous High-Order Tripartite Synapse.

Ao Xiao1, Cheng Yuan1, Yazhou Wang2

  • 1State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.

Advanced Materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)
|April 16, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers developed an advanced aqueous tripartite synapse (TPS) using light, dopamine, and graphene transistors. This bio-electronic device mimics complex brain functions like sensitization and habituation for future AI integration.

Keywords:
aqueousgraphene transistorhigh‐orderphotoelectrochemistrytripartite synapse

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Materials Science
  • Artificial Intelligence

Background:

  • Advanced aqueous synapses are crucial for integrating artificial intelligence in biological systems.
  • Current multimodal functional synapses remain underexplored, particularly in physiological environments.
  • Biocompatibility and high-order behavior are essential requirements for these advanced synaptic devices.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To report an aqueous high-order tripartite synapse (TPS) capable of co-modulation by electricity, light, and dopamine.
  • To explore the light-bio-matter interplay among light, dopamine (DA), and graphene transistors.
  • To investigate the fine-tuning of TPS behavior by light and DA concentration.

Main Methods:

  • Fabrication of an aqueous tripartite synapse using graphene transistors.
  • Investigating the interplay between light, dopamine, and the graphene transistor.
  • Modulating the synapse's behavior using electrical signals, light stimuli (frequency, intensity, duration), and dopamine concentration.

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated an aqueous high-order tripartite synapse (TPS) with co-modulation by electricity, light, and dopamine.
  • Observed a unique antagonistic effect between light and dopamine.
  • Showcased the ability to finely tune low-order and high-order behaviors by varying light and dopamine parameters.
  • Emulated sophisticated biological functions including sensitization, habituation, and recovery.
  • Explored history-dependent plasticity for dynamic logic control of robotic arms.

Conclusions:

  • The developed aqueous tripartite synapse represents a significant advancement in bio-electronic devices.
  • This study provides a foundation for future development of advanced aqueous high-order synapses for AI integration.
  • The device's ability to emulate biological functions and control robotic arms highlights its potential in neuromorphic computing and bio-interfacing.