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Updated: Apr 17, 2026

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Extreme heat reduces and reshapes urban mobility.

Andrew Renninger1, Carmen Cabrera2

  • 1Center for Advanced Spatial Analysis, University College London, London W1T 4TJ, United Kingdom.

PNAS Nexus
|April 16, 2026
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Extreme heat significantly reduces daily mobility, especially in the afternoons. Vulnerable populations like older adults and lower-income individuals experience greater disruptions to work and social activities.

Keywords:
citiesextreme heathuman mobility

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Science
  • Urban Studies
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Extreme heat poses a growing challenge in Southern Europe, exacerbated by climate change and demographic shifts.
  • Existing research on heat-related mobility is limited in scope, lacking a comprehensive understanding of population-level adaptations.
  • Gaps exist in understanding how diverse social groups adjust their daily movement patterns during heatwaves.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze the impact of extreme heat on population mobility using large-scale mobile phone data.
  • To investigate how mobility patterns change across different demographics and activities during hot weather.
  • To assess the socioeconomic implications of heat-induced mobility changes in urban environments.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized mobile phone data from 13 million individuals in Spain, representing 27% of the population.
  • Employed passive and active mobile network connection data for comprehensive mobility tracking.
  • Stratified analysis by age, gender, economic class, and activity type to identify differential impacts.

Main Results:

  • Overall mobility decreased by up to 10% on hot days, with a 20% reduction during peak afternoon temperatures.
  • Older adults significantly reduced travel for work and other activities.
  • Lower-income individuals showed less ability to avoid work, and social mixing declined, particularly in city centers.

Conclusions:

  • Extreme heat substantially alters daily mobility patterns across the population.
  • Vulnerable groups face disproportionate impacts, highlighting socioeconomic disparities in heat adaptation.
  • Reduced urban activity and interaction due to heat threaten the economic and social dynamism of cities.