Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Spinal Cord Injury ll: Pathophysiology

Spinal Cord Injury ll: Pathophysiology

Spinal cord injury progresses through two interconnected phases: primary injury and secondary injury.Primary InjuryPrimary injury happens at the moment of trauma and involves immediate mechanical damage to the spinal cord.Compression happens when broken vertebrae, herniated discs, or accumulating blood (such as a hematoma) press directly against the spinal cord, distorting its normal shape and function. In cases of contusion, the cord is bruised by a blunt force (like penetrating injuries or...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Cardiovascular Benefits of Menopause Hormone Treatment is Age-Dependent.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026

Same author

Electronic Strategies for Tailored Exercise to Prevent Falls (eSTEPS): Evaluating Implementation in Primary Care.

Applied clinical informatics·2026

Same author

Youth Soccer Participation and Brain Health Outcomes in Adolescent Athletes.

JAMA network open·2026

Same author

Associations Between Football-Related Exposures, Head Injury, Tinnitus, and Neuropsychological Health Outcomes Among Professional American-Style Football Players.

Sports medicine - open·2026

Same author

Brain regional susceptibility to tauopathy in individuals at risk for chronic traumatic encephalopathy.

Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association·2026

Same author

Dose-dependent white matter changes associated with repetitive head impacts in former American football players.

Brain communications·2026

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 13, 2026

Paradigms of Lower Extremity Electrical Stimulation Training After Spinal Cord Injury

Paradigms of Lower Extremity Electrical Stimulation Training After Spinal Cord Injury

Published on: February 1, 2018

Effects of Testosterone-Augmented Multimodal Exercise Intervention in Spinal Cord Injury: A Randomized Controlled

Kieran F Reid^1,2, Thomas W Storer¹, Karol M Pencina¹

¹Research Program in Men's Health: Aging and Metabolism, Boston Claude D. Pepper Older Americans Independence Center for Function Promoting Therapies, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.

The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism

|April 16, 2026

Summary

Adding testosterone to exercise programs improved lean mass and hemoglobin in individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI). This home-based intervention combining functional electrical stimulation-assisted leg cycling (FES-LC) and arm ergometry (AE) showed promising results for SCI recovery.

More Related Videos

Activity-based Training on a Treadmill with Spinal Cord Injured Wistar Rats

Activity-based Training on a Treadmill with Spinal Cord Injured Wistar Rats

Published on: January 16, 2019

A Rehabilitation Program of Exoskeleton-assisted Body Weight-Supported Treadmill Training with Non-immersive Virtual Reality for Stroke Patients

A Rehabilitation Program of Exoskeleton-assisted Body Weight-Supported Treadmill Training with Non-immersive Virtual Reality for Stroke Patients

Published on: May 16, 2025

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 13, 2026

Paradigms of Lower Extremity Electrical Stimulation Training After Spinal Cord Injury

Paradigms of Lower Extremity Electrical Stimulation Training After Spinal Cord Injury

Published on: February 1, 2018

Activity-based Training on a Treadmill with Spinal Cord Injured Wistar Rats

Activity-based Training on a Treadmill with Spinal Cord Injured Wistar Rats

Published on: January 16, 2019

A Rehabilitation Program of Exoskeleton-assisted Body Weight-Supported Treadmill Training with Non-immersive Virtual Reality for Stroke Patients

A Rehabilitation Program of Exoskeleton-assisted Body Weight-Supported Treadmill Training with Non-immersive Virtual Reality for Stroke Patients

Published on: May 16, 2025

Area of Science:

Exercise Physiology
Neurology
Endocrinology

Background:

Spinal cord injury (SCI) causes significant muscle atrophy, aerobic deconditioning, and metabolic issues.
Current exercise interventions offer limited benefits for individuals with SCI.
The potential of testosterone to enhance physiological responses to exercise in SCI is unexplored.

Purpose of the Study:

To assess the efficacy and safety of a home-based intervention combining functional electrical stimulation-assisted leg cycling (FES-LC), arm ergometry (AE), and testosterone.
To compare this multimodality intervention against FES-LC and AE with a placebo in adults with SCI.

Main Methods:

A randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial involving 84 adults with SCI (neurologic levels C4-T12, AIS grades A-D).
Participants received either multimodality intervention (FES-LC, AE, testosterone) or control (FES-LC, AE, placebo) for 16 weeks.
Primary outcome: change in aerobic capacity (peak VO2); Secondary outcomes: lean mass, hemoglobin, cardiometabolic markers, and safety.

Main Results:

No statistically significant difference in peak VO2 between groups, but the multimodality group showed greater within-group improvement (19% vs. 6%).
The multimodality group experienced significant gains in lean mass (whole-body and lower extremity) and a greater correction of anemia.
Adverse event rates were comparable between the testosterone and placebo groups.

Conclusions:

A home-based multimodality intervention combining FES-LC, AE, and testosterone is safe for individuals with SCI.
This intervention led to greater improvements in lean mass and hemoglobin compared to exercise alone.
Findings suggest testosterone may augment exercise benefits, warranting further investigation in SCI populations.