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Updated: Apr 18, 2026

Subject-specific Musculoskeletal Model for Studying Bone Strain During Dynamic Motion
Published on: April 11, 2018
The gender blind spot in personalized knee joint modeling: rethinking biomechanical models
Ge Shen1, Nan Zhang1, Jifeng Yao2
1Tianjin Sport University, Tianjin, China.
Abstract:
Sexual dimorphism in knee anatomy, tissue properties, and biomechanics is well documented, but most musculoskeletal and finite element knee models remain sex-neutral. This review shows that few models account for sex-specific differences in geometry, material properties, or functional parameters, which may bias predictions of joint loading, stability, and tissue stress. Such limitations reduce reliability in surgical planning and injury-risk assessment. Feasible strategies include sex-aware scaling of muscle force, ligament properties, bone density-modulus relationships, and soft-tissue representation. Incorporating sex-specific factors can improve physiological realism and support more individualized clinical and biomechanical applications.
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