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Updated: Apr 18, 2026

Wide-Field, Real-Time Imaging of Local and Systemic Wound Signals in Arabidopsis

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Published on: June 4, 2021

Calcium-triggered apoplastic ROS bursts balance gravity and mechanical signals for soil navigation.

Ivan Kulich^1,2, Dmitrii Vladimirtsev¹, Marek Randuch¹

¹Institute of Science and Technology Austria (ISTA), Klosterneuburg, Austria.

Science (New York, N.Y.)

|April 16, 2026

Summary

Plant roots use reactive oxygen species (ROS) to stiffen cell walls for soil penetration. Calcium signals trigger these ROS bursts, balancing flexibility and stiffness for root growth.

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Area of Science:

Plant Biology
Cell Signaling
Biochemistry

Background:

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play crucial roles in plant signaling, but their mechanisms are not fully understood.
Live imaging of apoplastic ROS at the root surface is essential for studying their function.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the mechanisms and roles of apoplastic ROS in plant root responses.
To develop a method for live imaging of apoplastic ROS at the root surface.

Main Methods:

Live imaging of apoplastic ROS.
Genetic and optogenetic manipulation of *Arabidopsis*.
Analysis of calcium transients and NADPH oxidase activation.

Main Results:

Auxin, extracellular ATP, and RSL1 peptide induce calcium transients and apoplastic ROS bursts.
Calcium transients are necessary and sufficient for ROS bursts via RBOHC and RBOHF activation.
Apoplastic ROS limits gravity-induced root bending by stiffening cell walls.

Conclusions:

Calcium signaling mediates apoplastic ROS bursts in response to various stimuli.
Apoplastic ROS production is crucial for root growth and soil penetration by regulating cell wall properties.