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Related Concept Videos

Higher Mental Functions of the Brain: Language01:10

Higher Mental Functions of the Brain: Language

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Language is a system of communication that allows the expression of thoughts, ideas, and feelings. The brain processes language in both hemispheres.
Language formation and comprehension take place in the dominant hemisphere. The dominant hemisphere is responsible for understanding the meaning of spoken, written, or sign language, as well as the ability to communicate. For most people, the left hemisphere is the dominant one. The right hemisphere, then, gives tone and emotional context to the...
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Language serves as a bridge between ideas and communication, influencing how individuals perceive and interact with the world. Psychologists have long debated whether language shapes thought or vice versa. This discussion gained grip with Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee Whorf in the 1940s, who proposed that language determines thought, a concept known as linguistic determinism. They suggested that the vocabulary and structure of a language influence how its speakers think and perceive reality.
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Visual Agnosia

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Visual agnosia is a condition characterized by the inability to recognize visually presented objects despite having normal vision. For instance, a person with visual agnosia can describe the shape and color of an object but cannot identify or name it. This impairment does not affect their visual field, acuity, color vision, brightness discrimination, language, or memory. An example of this condition in a social setting is someone at a dinner party asking for "that silver thing with a round...
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Ischemic Stroke l: Introduction01:15

Ischemic Stroke l: Introduction

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Ischemic stroke is an acute cerebrovascular condition in which blood flow to a brain region is suddenly interrupted, leading to tissue infarction. Neurons depend on continuous oxygen and glucose supply, so even brief reductions in perfusion cause energy failure, ionic imbalance, and irreversible injury. Ischemic strokes are classified into thrombotic and embolic types based on their underlying mechanisms.Thrombotic MechanismsThrombotic stroke develops when a clot forms within a cerebral artery.
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Encoding01:19

Encoding

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Information enters the brain through encoding, which is the input of information into the memory system. Once sensory information is received from the environment, the brain labels or codes it. The information is then organized with similar information and connected to existing concepts. Encoding occurs through automatic processing and effortful processing.
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Association Areas of the Cortex01:21

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Association areas are regions of the cerebral cortex that do not have a specific sensory or motor function. Instead, they integrate and interpret information from various sources to enable higher cognitive processes such as memory, learning, and decision-making. Some key association areas include the following:
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 18, 2026

Utilizing Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation to Improve Language Function in Stroke Patients with Chronic Non-fluent Aphasia
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Utilizing Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation to Improve Language Function in Stroke Patients with Chronic Non-fluent Aphasia

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Decoding concept representations in aphasia after stroke.

Jerry Tang1, Carly Millanski1, Allison Chen1

  • 1Department of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin.

Biorxiv : the Preprint Server for Biology
|April 17, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Stroke survivors with aphasia can use brain decoding to communicate. Neuroprostheses can predict words from concept representations, aiding communication for individuals with aphasia.

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Last Updated: Apr 18, 2026

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cognitive Science
  • Biomedical Engineering

Background:

  • Aphasia, a communication disorder post-stroke, impairs word production.
  • Existing communication aids have limitations for severe aphasia.
  • Decoding brain activity offers a novel communication pathway.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To decode concept representations in stroke survivors with aphasia.
  • To assess the generalizability of decoding across diverse aphasia profiles.
  • To investigate the impact of stroke on conceptual processing in the brain.

Main Methods:

  • Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was used to measure brain activity.
  • Machine learning decoders were trained to predict word sequences from fMRI data.
  • Anatomical organization and information capacity of conceptual processing were analyzed.

Main Results:

  • Decoders successfully generated continuous word sequences from conceptual tasks (hearing, seeing, imagining).
  • Conceptual tuning during non-linguistic processing was consistent between aphasia and healthy groups.
  • Information processing capacity was similar in both groups, indicating spared concept representations.

Conclusions:

  • Concept representations are largely preserved in individuals with aphasia.
  • Brain decoding of concept representations shows promise for communication restoration.
  • This technology could significantly improve communication for stroke survivors with aphasia.