Structural determinants of endopilus assembly, stability and functional specificity in bacterial type II secretion

Gram-negative bacteria employ the type II secretion system (T2SS) to transport folded protein effectors across the outer membrane. This multiprotein nanomachine assembles the endopilus, a periplasmic helical polymer composed of one major and four minor pilin subunits. Endopili are structurally related to type IV pili but exhibit distinct features including a conserved calcium-binding site stabilizing their major pilin subunits. Endopilus polymerisation is coupled to substrate translocation through a dedicated outer membrane channel. To investigate the structural basis of endopilus assembly, stability and functional specificity, we performed a comparative analysis of the Out T2SS from the plant pathogen Dickeya dadantii and the Pul T2SS from the human pathogen Klebsiella oxytoca. Although their major pilins OutG and PulG share over 77% sequence identity, these bacteria differ markedly in ecological niche and range of secreted effectors. We report here the NMR structure of calcium-bound OutG monomer and cryo-EM structures of OutG and PulG endopili at 3.6 Å resolution. The integration of structural, mutational, and biophysical analyses with in vivo assays, allowed us to identify the molecular determinants of secretion specificity and endopilus stability. These findings demonstrate how subtle sequence variations in conserved nanomachines have evolved to optimize their function and adapt to their local environments.