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Related Concept Videos

Skin Diseases and Disorders01:23

Skin Diseases and Disorders

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Skin is the first line of defense and encounters a variety of microbes. Some pathogenic strains are often the cause of a broad range of infections of the skin and other body systems. These conditions can affect people of all ages and may have different causes, including genetic factors, infections, autoimmune reactions, environmental factors, and lifestyle choices.
Gram-positive Staphylococcus spp. and Streptococcus spp. are responsible for many of the most common skin infections. However, many...
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Staphylococcal Skin Infections01:29

Staphylococcal Skin Infections

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Staphylococcus aureus is a Gram-positive coccus that resides harmlessly on the skin and mucous membranes of healthy individuals. When the skin barrier is breached, it can shift from a commensal to an opportunistic pathogen. This transition is facilitated by surface adhesins, such as clumping factor B and S. aureus surface protein G (SasG), which bind to structural proteins, including loricrin and cytokeratin, in the damaged epidermis. Protein A, another key factor, binds the Fc region of...
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The Skin Microbiota01:27

The Skin Microbiota

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The human skin serves as a complex ecosystem inhabited by a diverse community of microorganisms, including bacteria, fungi, and viruses. This microbiome plays a critical role in maintaining skin health and defending against pathogenic invaders. The composition of microbial communities varies significantly across different regions of the body, influenced primarily by the local levels of moisture and sebum.Regional Variation in Skin MicrobiotaCutibacterium acnes predominantly colonizes sebaceous...
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Surface Membrane Barriers01:18

Surface Membrane Barriers

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The skin and mucous membranes serve as the primary line of defense against pathogens by providing both physical and chemical protection. These barriers are essential in preventing the entry and establishment of microbes, thereby maintaining the integrity of the host.
The outer layer of the skin, the epidermis, is a robust barrier comprising layers of closely packed keratinized cells. This dense arrangement prevents microbes from penetrating the body. The periodic shedding of epidermal cells...
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Skin Cancer01:30

Skin Cancer

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Skin cancer is a type of cancer that occurs when there is an abnormal growth of skin cells, usually triggered by damage to the DNA within the skin cells. It is primarily caused by exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun or artificial sources like tanning beds. Skin cancer is the most common type of cancer worldwide, and its incidence continues to rise.
Basal Cell Carcinoma (BCC): BCC is the most common type of skin cancer, accounting for about 80% of cases. It typically develops in...
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Infection01:20

Infection

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When a pathogen enters the body and reproduces, it can cause an infection, damage body cells, and cause illness symptoms that eventually lead to disease. Therefore, its prevention requires breaking the chain of infection.
The chain begins with pathogens: bacteria, viruses, fungi, prions, or parasites such as protozoa helminths. These can be present on the skin as transient or resident flora, or they can be acquired from the environment. Identifying and treating the type of infection and...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 18, 2026

Ex Vivo Infection of Murine Epidermis with Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1
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Ex Vivo Infection of Murine Epidermis with Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1

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SKIN AS A POTENTIAL ENTRY POINT FOR SARS-COV-2.

Dmitry Trubetskoy1, Patrick Grudzien1, Daria A Chudakova1,2

  • 1Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.

Biorxiv : the Preprint Server for Biology
|April 17, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Inflammation makes human skin more susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 entry. This study shows inflamed skin organoids and explants allow increased viral infection, suggesting skin is a key interaction site for COVID-19.

Keywords:
ACE2COVID-19SARS-CoV-2TMPRSS2inflammationskinskin models

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Area of Science:

  • Dermatology
  • Virology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • SARS-CoV-2 primarily infects the respiratory tract, but skin lesions occur in COVID-19 patients.
  • Pre-existing inflammatory skin conditions like psoriasis and atopic dermatitis increase COVID-19 risk.
  • The skin's role in SARS-CoV-2 interactions requires further investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate if skin inflammation enhances SARS-CoV-2 entry.
  • To explore the impact of specific inflammatory cytokines on skin permissiveness to the virus.
  • To compare gene expression in inflamed skin organoids with COVID-19 lung tissue.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized 3D human skin organoids (HSO) and neonatal skin explants.
  • Treated HSO with inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, IFN-γ) and Th1/Th2 cocktails.
  • Assessed viral entry using Spike-pseudotyped lentiviral reporter and analyzed gene expression.

Main Results:

  • Cytokine treatment upregulated ACE2 and TMPRSS2 expression in HSO.
  • Inflamed HSO and skin explants showed significantly increased viral entry.
  • Gene expression signatures in inflamed HSO partially overlapped with COVID-19 lung tissue data.

Conclusions:

  • Skin inflammation enhances human skin's susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 entry.
  • The skin may serve as an underappreciated interface for SARS-CoV-2 host interactions.
  • These findings support the use of skin models for studying viral pathogenesis.