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Related Concept Videos

Cis-regulatory Sequences02:02

Cis-regulatory Sequences

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Cis-regulatory sequences are short fragments of non-coding DNA that are present on the same chromosomes as the genes that they regulate. These fragments serve as binding sites for transcriptional regulators, proteins that are responsible for controlling gene transcription and differential gene expression across cell types in eukaryotes. Cis-regulatory sequences can be close to the gene of interest or thousands of bases away in the DNA sequence; however, those sequences that are further away are...
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Cis-regulatory Sequences02:02

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Cooperative Binding of Transcription Regulators02:13

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Transcriptional regulators bind to specific cis-regulatory sequences in the DNA to regulate gene transcription. These cis-regulatory sequences are very short, usually less than ten nucleotide pairs in length. The short length means that there is a high probability of the exact same sequence randomly occurring throughout the genome.  Since regulators can also bind to groups of similar sequences, this further increases the chances of random binding. Transcriptional regulators form...
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Master Transcription Regulators02:23

Master Transcription Regulators

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Master transcription regulators are regulatory proteins that are predominantly responsible for regulating the expression of multiple genes. Often these genes work in concert to drive a  complex process. Activation of a master transcription regulator can lead to a cascade of transcriptional activation necessary for that outcome. These regulators can directly bind to the regulatory sequences of the various genes involved, or they can indirectly regulate transcription by binding to regulatory...
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General Transcription Factors01:30

General Transcription Factors

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Tissue-specific transcription factors contribute to diverse cellular functions in mammals. For example, the gene for beta globin, a major component of hemoglobin, is present in all cells of the body. However, it is only expressed in red blood cells because the transcription factors that can bind to the promoter sequences of the beta globin gene are only expressed in these cells. Tissue-specific transcription factors also ensure that mutations in these factors may impair only the function of...
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Functional characterization of bat limb regulatory elements.

Aki Ushiki, Guy Kelman, Rory Sheng

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    |April 17, 2026
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    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Scientists explored the genetic basis of bat limb development, identifying key regulatory elements that influence unique traits like flight and hanging. This research reveals how small genetic changes contribute to specialized bat anatomy.

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    Area of Science:

    • Evolutionary Biology
    • Developmental Biology
    • Genomics

    Background:

    • Bats are unique mammals with powered flight and head-down roosting habits.
    • The molecular mechanisms underlying bat limb development are not well understood.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To identify key regulatory elements and genes crucial for bat limb evolution.
    • To understand how genetic changes contribute to specialized bat limb morphology.

    Main Methods:

    • Comparative functional genomics of bat and mouse limb development.
    • Mouse-bat sequence swaps of regulatory elements.
    • Enhancer assays in mice to test functional significance.

    Main Results:

    • Identified specific regulatory sequences differing between bats and mice.
    • Bat sequence swaps in mice resulted in phenotypes like delayed ossification and altered digit morphology.
    • Generated a catalog of genes and regulatory elements involved in bat limb development.

    Conclusions:

    • Regulatory element changes are significant drivers of bat limb evolution.
    • Small genetic modifications can lead to substantial phenotypic adaptations in mammals.
    • This study provides insights into the genetic architecture of flight adaptation in bats.