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Redefining standards: a comprehensive systematic review of practice changing advances in GU oncology from ASCO and

Nabil Ismaili1,2

  • 1Department of Medical Oncology, Mohammed VI Faculty of Medicine, Mohammed VI University of Sciences and Health (UM6SS), Mohammed VI Foundation of Sciences and Health (FM6SS), Casablanca, Morocco.

Frontiers in Endocrinology
|April 17, 2026
PubMed
Abstract

Insights

2025 brought major advances in genitourinary (GU) oncology, establishing new standards for bladder, kidney, and prostate cancer treatment through immunotherapy and targeted therapies. This review synthesizes pivotal trial results, guiding personalized cancer care.

Area of Science:

  • Genitourinary (GU) Oncology
  • Clinical Trial Analysis
  • Cancer Therapeutics

Background:

  • 2025 marked a significant year for GU oncology with paradigm-shifting clinical trial results.
  • Therapeutic standards are being redefined for bladder, kidney, prostate, penile, and testicular cancers.
  • Novel mechanisms and personalized approaches are driving these advancements.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically review and evaluate pivotal Phase II and III randomized controlled trials (RCTs) in GU oncology presented or published in 2025.
  • To synthesize innovative therapeutic strategies across GU malignancies.
  • To critically assess the evidence for new treatment standards.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic review adhering to PRISMA 2020 guidelines.
  • Searches of conference proceedings, PubMed/MEDLINE, and Embase (January-December 2025).
  • Inclusion of Phase II/III RCTs in GU oncology reporting survival outcomes for novel therapies; risk-of-bias assessment using Cochrane RoB 2 tool.

Main Results:

  • Forty studies met inclusion criteria across bladder (13), kidney (9), prostate (16), testicular (1), and penile (1) cancers.
  • Key advances include perioperative durvalumab and enfortumab vedotin/pembrolizumab in bladder cancer; adjuvant durvalumab and transcriptomic-guided therapy in kidney cancer.
  • Prostate cancer saw improved survival with enzalutamide/leuprolide, capivasertib/abiraterone, and [177Lu]Lu-PSMA-617; de-escalated therapy for testicular cancer and chemotherapy optimization in penile cancer were also noted.

Conclusions:

  • The 2025 evidence base establishes new standards of care across GU cancers.
  • Emphasis is placed on biomarker-driven strategies, immunotherapy, and treatment optimization for personalized management.
  • The findings provide a framework for guideline updates, acknowledging ongoing challenges and future research needs.
Keywords:
PARP inhibitorantibody-drug conjugatebiomarkersbladder cancergenitourinary oncologyimmunotherapykidney cancerprostate cancer

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