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Related Concept Videos

Clinical Significance of Antibiotic Resistance01:25

Clinical Significance of Antibiotic Resistance

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Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) presents a critical public health threat, arising from its capacity to resist β-lactam antibiotics due to acquisition of the mecA gene within the staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec). This gene encodes penicillin-binding protein 2a (PBP2a), which impairs binding efficacy of methicillin and other β-lactams. MRSA has evolved into distinct clonal lineages impacting humans and animals alike, reinforcing its significance within...
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Antibiotic resistance is a major public health concern that arises when bacteria evolve mechanisms to withstand the effects of antibiotic treatments. This resistance can be intrinsic, acquired through genetic mutations, or transferred between bacteria via horizontal gene transfer. The development of antibiotic resistance poses significant challenges in treating bacterial infections and necessitates ongoing research to develop new therapeutic strategies.Intrinsic resistance occurs when bacterial...
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Factors Affecting the Risk of Infection01:26

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The hosts' susceptibility to infection depends on several factors. The integrity of the skin and mucous membranes helps protect the body against microbial attacks. When the skin is altered, the chance of infection, limb loss, and even death increases.
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The effectiveness of antimicrobial agents depends on various factors influencing their ability to eliminate microbial populations. Larger microbial populations require more time for complete eradication, emphasizing the importance of population size analysis when evaluating antimicrobial efficacy.Microbial resistance to antimicrobial agents varies significantly. Highly resilient microorganisms include endospores, gram-negative bacteria, and non-enveloped viruses, while prions are exceptionally...
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Overview
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Healthcare Associated Infections I: Iatrogenic, Exogenic and Endogenic01:26

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Healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) occur in a healthcare facility while a person receives care for another ailment. This category also includes work-related infections among healthcare staff.
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A Protocol to Characterize the Morphological Changes of Clostridium difficile in Response to Antibiotic Treatment
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Antibiotic Exposure Patterns and Clinical Outcomes Preceding Clostridioides difficile Infection: A Retrospective

Kunalsen Jagatdeo1, Sidharth S Pattnaik2,3, Gyanamitra Panigrahi2

  • 1Microbiology, Kalinga Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, IND.

Cureus
|April 17, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Prolonged antibiotic use, especially multiple classes and overlapping therapies, significantly increases the risk of Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) in hospitalized patients. This study highlights the critical need for antimicrobial stewardship to reduce CDI incidence and mortality.

Keywords:
antibiotic exposureantimicrobial stewardship programcdi severityclostridioides difficile infectionhospital acquired

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Area of Science:

  • Infectious Diseases
  • Antimicrobial Stewardship
  • Healthcare Epidemiology

Background:

  • Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) is a major cause of hospital-acquired illness and death.
  • Antibiotic exposure is the primary modifiable risk factor for CDI.
  • Understanding antibiotic prescribing patterns is crucial for effective antimicrobial stewardship.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze antibiotic exposure patterns before CDI diagnosis in hospitalized patients.
  • To correlate antibiotic use with CDI severity, recurrence, and mortality.
  • To inform local antimicrobial stewardship strategies.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective observational study at Kalinga Institute of Medical Sciences (2023-2024).
  • Included adult inpatients with laboratory-confirmed CDI (GDH- and toxin-positive).
  • Analyzed antibiotic exposure (class, duration, overlap) within 60 days prior to CDI diagnosis.

Main Results:

  • 27 patients included; median antibiotic exposure 41 days; 63% had overlapping therapy.
  • Median time from first antibiotic to CDI diagnosis was 12 days.
  • 18.5% CDI-attributable mortality; no recurrence observed; 55.6% non-severe, 37.0% severe, 7.4% fulminant CDI.

Conclusions:

  • Prolonged, multi-class, and overlapping antibiotic use is common in hospitalized patients with CDI.
  • High CDI-attributable mortality emphasizes the need for interventions.
  • Minimizing unnecessary broad-spectrum and concurrent antibiotic use is vital.