Rotation of Crystal Seed During Early Stages of Growth Reveals the Anisotropy of Glass Matrix

Rotation of crystal seed during the early stages of growth around $3000K$ in a glass matrix has been observed due to some torque, contradicting the expectations from the isotropic, uniform structure of the surrounding amorphous matrix. We establish an atomistic origin of this new phenomenon from molecular dynamics simulations using ${\mathrm{LiNbO}}_3$ and ${\mathrm{LiNbO}}_3$ - ${\mathrm{SiO}}_2$ glasses as model systems. Effectively, it arises due to non-uniform forces on the seed from the surrounding glass, which appears inhomogeneous and anisotropic on the scale of glass-crystal interface. The seeded crystal growth (SCG) at higher temperatures amplifies this effect due to enhanced atomic dynamics. Silica, when added to ${\mathrm{LiNbO}}_3$ glass, reduces the crystal growth rate due to increased viscosity and restricted atomic mobility across the growth interface, but has minimal effect on the crystal rotation. These findings challenge a general assumption that glass is an isotropic material, especially during the early stage of its crystallization, and provide insights for tailoring the microstructure of widely used glass-ceramics.