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A type of Lewis acid-base chemistry involves the formation of a complex ion (or a coordination complex) comprising a central atom, typically a transition metal cation, surrounded by ions or molecules called ligands. These ligands can be neutral molecules like H2O or NH3, or ions such as CN− or OH−. Often, the ligands act as Lewis bases, donating a pair of electrons to the central atom. These types of Lewis acid-base reactions are examples of a broad subdiscipline called coordination...
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The ionic association is the association of oppositely charged ions in an electrolyte solution to form ion pairs. Bjerrum defined ion pairs as two oppositely charged ions whose electrostatic attraction exceeds the thermal energy of the system, typically expressed as 2kT. Electrostatic attraction depends on ionic charge, separation distance, and the dielectric constant of the medium. Thermal energy, represented by kT, reflects the tendency of ions to move independently due to molecular motion.
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Theory of Strong Electrolytes01:23

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The interionic forces of the strong electrolytes depend on the solvent's dielectric constant, which is the ability of a solvent to store electrical energy, based on its polarizability. and the solution's concentration. In high-dielectric solvents and in dilute solutions, weak electrostatic forces keep ions apart. However, in low-dielectric solvents or concentrated solutions, stronger interionic forces may cause ions to pair up as ionic doublets despite being fully ionized. The theory of strong...
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Atoms and molecules interact through bonds (or forces): intramolecular and intermolecular. The forces are electrostatic as they arise from interactions (attractive or repulsive) between charged species (permanent, partial, or temporary charges) and exist with varying strengths between ions, polar, nonpolar, and neutral molecules. The different types of intermolecular forces are ion–dipole, dipole–dipole, hydrogen bonds, and dispersion; among these, dipole–dipole, hydrogen...
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Related Experiment Video

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Solid-state Graft Copolymer Electrolytes for Lithium Battery Applications
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Spatial Solvation Regulation by a Swollen Polymer Interphase Enables Ultrastable Sodium Metal Batteries.

Haojie Xu1, Zhenzhen Shen1, Yong Chen2

  • 1State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Process and Technology of Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, P. R. China.

Angewandte Chemie (International Ed. in English)
|April 17, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Researchers developed a novel polymer interphase for sodium metal batteries. This interphase enhances conductivity and protects the anode, enabling stable, high-performance energy storage.

Keywords:
gradient SEIsodium metal batteriesspatial solvation regulationswollen polymer interphase

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Electrochemistry
  • Polymer Chemistry

Background:

  • Sodium metal batteries offer low cost and high energy density for next-generation energy storage.
  • Electrolyte design faces a trade-off between conductivity and anode stability due to Na+ solvation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To engineer a stable artificial polymer interphase for sodium metal anodes.
  • To address the challenge of balancing electrolyte conductivity and anode protection.

Main Methods:

  • Constructed a polymer interphase using fluoroethylene carbonate, ethyl trifluoroacetate, and (3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane.
  • Utilized in situ AFM, ATR-IR, and XANES to analyze interphase properties and solvent interactions.
  • Investigated the gradient solvation structure at the electrolyte-anode interface.

Main Results:

  • The artificial interphase selectively attracts weakly solvating solvents and excludes strongly solvating ones from the anode.
  • Achieved a gradient solvation transition, enhancing ionic conductivity and reducing Na+ desolvation energy.
  • Demonstrated improved interfacial stability, leading to stable cycling and fast-charging in Na||Na3V2(PO4)3 cells.

Conclusions:

  • The developed polymer interphase enables high-performance and stable sodium metal batteries.
  • This interfacial engineering strategy is crucial for advancing sodium metal battery technology.
  • The findings support the rational design of safe and efficient electrochemical energy storage systems.