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Hydrogel Arrays Enable Increased Throughput for Screening Effects of Matrix Components and Therapeutics in 3D Tumor Models

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A Universal Gd³⁺-based hydrogel matrix for inducing room-temperature phosphorescence.

Jiazhuo Li¹, Ying Wang², Zhiyun Lu¹

¹College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China. wupeng@scu.edu.cn.

Journal of Materials Chemistry. B

|April 17, 2026

Summary

Researchers developed a novel hydrogel matrix from Gd3+ and adenosine monophosphate (AMP) to achieve room-temperature phosphorescence (RTP) in water. This breakthrough enables efficient RTP from encapsulated molecules, overcoming oxygen and water quenching effects.

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Area of Science:

Materials Science
Supramolecular Chemistry
Biophysics

Background:

Achieving room-temperature phosphorescence (RTP) in aqueous media is challenging due to oxygen and water quenching.
Excited triplet states are susceptible to quenching, limiting phosphorescent applications in biological environments.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop a hydrogel matrix capable of inducing and sustaining room-temperature phosphorescence (RTP) in aqueous solutions.
To create a universal RTP platform for diverse guest molecules with applications in bioimaging and encoding.

Main Methods:

Assembly of a hydrogel matrix using Gadolinium(III) ions (Gd3+) and adenosine monophosphate (AMP).
Encapsulation of guest molecules within the Gd3+-AMP hydrogel matrix.
Characterization of RTP properties, including afterglow duration and efficiency.
Evaluation of the hydrogel's stimuli-responsive, shear-thinning, and biocompatible properties.

Main Results:

The Gd3+-AMP hydrogel effectively promoted intersystem crossing (ISC) and provided oxygen shielding, enabling efficient RTP.
Second-scale afterglow (>1 s) was achieved for thioflavin T (ThT)-encapsulated hydrogels, demonstrating high matrix efficiency.
The hydrogel matrix demonstrated universal encapsulation capabilities for diverse guest molecules without size or charge limitations.
Stimuli-responsive, shear-thinning, and biocompatible properties were confirmed for the hydrogel.

Conclusions:

The Gd3+-AMP hydrogel serves as a versatile platform for inducing RTP in aqueous media, overcoming traditional limitations.
The developed hydrogel enables efficient RTP emission from various encapsulated molecules, paving the way for advanced applications.
Applications demonstrated include bioimaging, 3D encoding, and color-tunable white-light emission, highlighting the hydrogel's potential in diverse fields.