Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Bioreactor Controls-II01:18

Bioreactor Controls-II

68
In aerobic fermentations, oxygen is vital for microbial growth and metabolite production. Since air comprises only about 20% oxygen and the gas is poorly soluble in water—just 9 ppm at 20°C—supplying sufficient oxygen becomes a critical challenge, especially in high-demand processes like yeast growth or citric acid production. Even a fully saturated broth may offer only a few seconds of oxygen availability.To address this, sterile or scrubbed air is introduced into the...
68
Microbes and the Sulfur Cycle01:29

Microbes and the Sulfur Cycle

86
Sulfur is a vital element in Earth's biogeochemical systems. It transitions through various inorganic states, including sulfate (SO₄²⁻), elemental sulfur (S⁰), and sulfide (S²⁻). Abiotic and biological mechanisms across oxic and anoxic environments intricately mediate these transformations. Sulfate, the most oxidized form of sulfur, is predominantly stored in rocks, marine sediments, and oceanic waters, acting as a long-term reservoir in the global sulfur...
86
Oxygen Requirements and Growth Patterns01:29

Oxygen Requirements and Growth Patterns

2.5K
Microorganisms exhibit diverse oxygen requirements and growth patterns driven by their metabolic strategies and environmental adaptations. Oxygen, while essential for many organisms, can also be toxic under certain conditions, shaping how microorganisms grow and survive.Oxygen Requirements of MicroorganismsMicroorganisms are classified based on their ability to use or tolerate oxygen:● Obligate aerobes like Mycobacterium tuberculosis need oxygen for energy production, as it serves as the...
2.5K
Anoxygenic Photosynthesis01:30

Anoxygenic Photosynthesis

1.8K
Anoxygenic photosynthesis is a phototrophic process that captures light energy to drive carbon fixation without producing molecular oxygen. Unlike oxygenic photosynthesis, which utilizes water as an electron donor and releases oxygen, anoxygenic phototrophs use alternative electron donors such as hydrogen sulfide (H₂S), elemental sulfur (S⁰), or thiosulfate (S₂O₃²⁻). This process is carried out by diverse groups of bacteria, including purple bacteria, green...
1.8K
Preparation and Reactions of Sulfides02:26

Preparation and Reactions of Sulfides

6.1K
Sulfides are the sulfur analog of ethers, just as thiols are the sulfur analog of alcohol. Like ethers, sulfides also consist of two hydrocarbon groups bonded to the central sulfur atom. Depending upon the type of groups present, sulfides can be symmetrical or asymmetrical. Symmetrical sulfides can be prepared via an SN2 reaction between 2 equivalents of an alkyl halide and one equivalent of sodium sulfide.
6.1K
Preparation and Reactions of Thiols02:33

Preparation and Reactions of Thiols

8.1K
Thiols are prepared using the hydrosulfide anion as a nucleophile in a nucleophilic substitution reaction with alkyl halides. For instance, bromobutane reacts with sodium hydrosulfide to give butanethiol.
8.1K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Nano-Confined Solar-Thermal Water Purification Boosted by Physical Field Disturbance Coupled with Ultrafast Non-Radical Advanced Oxidation Process.

Nano-micro letters·2026
Same author

Interfacial Electric Fields Drive Fast Hydroxyl Radical Production in Black-Carbon-Bearing Microdroplets.

Journal of the American Chemical Society·2026
Same author

Sub-10 Nanomole Perchlorate δ<sup>37</sup>Cl, δ<sup>18</sup>O, and Δ<sup>17</sup>O Measurements by ESI-Orbitrap-MS.

Analytical chemistry·2026
Same author

N<sub>2</sub> Clumped Isotope Measurements with Thermo Fisher Scientific Ultra High-Resolution IRMS and Applications to the Hydrosphere.

Analytical chemistry·2025
Same author

Interfacial Electric Fields Transform Brown Carbon Formation: Accelerate Radical Coupling toward Strong Light-Absorbing Products.

Journal of the American Chemical Society·2025
Same author

Substantially improved efficiency and selectivity of carbon dioxide reduction by superior hydrated electron in microdroplet.

Science advances·2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 19, 2026

Creating Rapid Oxygen Oscillations in Microbial Single-cell Growth Analysis using a Microfluidic Double-layer Device
08:28

Creating Rapid Oxygen Oscillations in Microbial Single-cell Growth Analysis using a Microfluidic Double-layer Device

Published on: July 18, 2025

663

Microdroplet-Assisted Sulfate Formation Incorporating Versatile Oxygen Sources.

Xiang Sun1,2,3, Wenbo You4, Yu Wei1,2

  • 1International Center for Isotope Effects Research, State Key Laboratory of Critical Earth Material Cycling and Mineral Deposits, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.

Journal of the American Chemical Society
|April 17, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Microdroplet oxidation of sulfur dioxide (SO2) is key to haze. Experiments show oxygen primarily comes from O2, but sulfate

More Related Videos

Manufacture of Concentrated, Lipid-based Oxygen Microbubble Emulsions by High Shear Homogenization and Serial Concentration
13:17

Manufacture of Concentrated, Lipid-based Oxygen Microbubble Emulsions by High Shear Homogenization and Serial Concentration

Published on: May 26, 2014

15.6K
Affordable Oxygen Microscopy-Assisted Biofabrication of Multicellular Spheroids
13:21

Affordable Oxygen Microscopy-Assisted Biofabrication of Multicellular Spheroids

Published on: April 6, 2022

3.9K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Apr 19, 2026

Creating Rapid Oxygen Oscillations in Microbial Single-cell Growth Analysis using a Microfluidic Double-layer Device
08:28

Creating Rapid Oxygen Oscillations in Microbial Single-cell Growth Analysis using a Microfluidic Double-layer Device

Published on: July 18, 2025

663
Manufacture of Concentrated, Lipid-based Oxygen Microbubble Emulsions by High Shear Homogenization and Serial Concentration
13:17

Manufacture of Concentrated, Lipid-based Oxygen Microbubble Emulsions by High Shear Homogenization and Serial Concentration

Published on: May 26, 2014

15.6K
Affordable Oxygen Microscopy-Assisted Biofabrication of Multicellular Spheroids
13:21

Affordable Oxygen Microscopy-Assisted Biofabrication of Multicellular Spheroids

Published on: April 6, 2022

3.9K

Area of Science:

  • Atmospheric Chemistry
  • Environmental Science
  • Geochemistry

Background:

  • Haze episodes involve rapid sulfate formation, with proposed oxidation pathways involving O2 or NO2.
  • Current models predict distinct oxygen sources for sulfate depending on the pathway.
  • Triple oxygen isotopes (Δ'17O) can differentiate oxygen sources (O2 vs. water).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the dominant oxidation pathway of SO2 in microdroplets.
  • To determine the oxygen sources for sulfate formation under mixed O2/NO2 conditions.
  • To challenge and refine current atmospheric sulfur chemistry models.

Main Methods:

  • Chamber experiments exposing SO2 to O2 and/or NO2 in natural or isotopically labeled microdroplets.
  • Analysis of sulfate triple oxygen isotope composition (Δ'17O).
  • Comparison of experimental results with predictions from existing atmospheric models.

Main Results:

  • Under mixed O2/NO2 conditions, sulfate Δ'17O aligned with O2-only oxidation.
  • Observed sulfate Δ'17O deviated from model predictions, indicating SO2 as an oxygen source.
  • Evidence suggests reactive oxygen species in microdroplets contribute to SO2 oxidation.

Conclusions:

  • O2 is the primary oxidant for SO2 in the studied microdroplet environment.
  • Current atmospheric sulfur chemistry models may overestimate sulfate oxygen from O2 and water.
  • Direct SO2 oxidation by microdroplet-generated reactive oxygen species is a plausible mechanism requiring further investigation.