[Diagnostics of Sjögren's disease]

Sjögren's disease (SjD) is a chronic inflammatory autoimmune disorder characterized by heterogeneous clinical manifestations and variable systemic involvement. An accurate diagnosis requires a structured, multimodal diagnostic approach.

Presentation of the current diagnostic strategies in suspected SjD, focusing on the American College of Rheumatology (ACR)/European League Against Rheumatism (EULAR) classification criteria, objective functional diagnostics, serological markers, histopathology, imaging modalities and domain-specific diagnostics within the EULAR Sjögren's syndrome disease activity index (ESSDAI) framework.

Narrative review based on current classification criteria, validated diagnostic tools, imaging techniques, key publications and consensus statements.

The ACR/EULAR classification criteria published in 2016 represent the current international standard for classification of SjD. Objective functional measurement of lacrimal and salivary glands, serological testing (particularly anti-SSA/Ro antibodies), labial salivary gland biopsy, and imaging modalities provide complementary diagnostic information. Salivary gland ultrasonography has emerged as a valuable noninvasive tool. The ESSDAI enables standardized assessment of systemic disease activity and requires tailored diagnostic procedures depending on the affected organ domains.

The diagnostics of SjD rely on the integration of classification criteria and domain-specific assessments. A personalized, multimodal diagnostic strategy is essential for accurate diagnosis, disease activity evaluation and making informed therapeutic decisions.