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Exercise and Muscle Performance

Exercise and Muscle Performance

Exercise induces a range of adaptations in muscle tissue, depending on the type and duration of activity. Such physical training can be broadly categorized into two types: endurance exercises and resistance exercises.
Endurance exercises
Endurance exercises involve running, swimming, or cycling, which require repetitive movements with low force output. When a person engages in endurance exercise, a few noticeable changes occur in their skeletal muscles. For instance, the number of capillaries...

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Updated: Apr 19, 2026

Adapted Resistance Training Improves Strength in Eight Weeks in Individuals with Multiple Sclerosis

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The Influence of Individual Resistance Training Variables on Muscle Strength: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

Philip Lyristakis^1,2, Daniel Wundersitz^3,4, Stephen Cousins^3,4

¹Holsworth Research Initiative, La Trobe Rural Health School, La Trobe University, Flora Hill, VIC, Australia. P.Lyristakis@latrobe.edu.au.

Sports Medicine (Auckland, N.Z.)

|April 17, 2026

Summary

Resistance training (RT) dosage has a non-linear effect on muscle strength, with benefits plateauing around 773,000-887,000 arbitrary units (au). Optimizing RT programs requires prioritizing specific variables based on muscle group for maximal strength gains.

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Versatility of Protocols for Resistance Training and Assessment Using Static and Dynamic Ladders in Animal Models

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Published on: December 17, 2021

Area of Science:

Exercise Physiology
Sports Science
Biomechanics

Background:

Resistance training (RT) is crucial for enhancing muscle strength, but optimal programming is complex.
The relationship between RT variables, overall dosage, and strength development remains unclear.
Understanding dose-response is key for maximizing health and performance benefits.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate how RT volume, intensity, and dosage impact muscle strength.
To determine if specific RT prescription variables are more critical than others for strength gains.
To analyze the dose-response relationship in muscle strength development.

Main Methods:

Systematic search of four databases for randomized controlled trials.
Inclusion of studies with dynamic muscle strength data and detailed RT variables.
Meta-regression and non-linear regression analyses on muscle strength and RT dosage.

Main Results:

A significant dose-response relationship was found for muscle strength (p < 0.01).
Strength gains plateaued at 887,000 arbitrary units (au) for chest and 773,000 au for quadriceps.
RT volume and intensity predicted relative chest strength; duration predicted relative quadriceps strength.

Conclusions:

A non-linear dose-response exists for RT, with diminishing returns beyond 773,000-887,000 au.
Muscle group-specific variables influence strength development, necessitating tailored RT programming.
Findings apply to relative strength changes in untrained individuals; absolute strength in trained populations requires further study.