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Updated: Apr 19, 2026

Infection of Primary Nasal Epithelial Cells Grown at an Air-Liquid Interface to Characterize Human Coronavirus-Host Interactions
Published on: September 22, 2023
Age-Dependent Clinical and Molecular Rhinovirus Epidemiology, 2018-2023
Ilka Engelmann1,2, Amandine Pisoni1,2, Clara Mille1,2
1PCCEI, University of Montpellier, INSERM, University of Antilles, Montpellier, France.
Background:
Respiratory viruses show different circulation patterns. While influenza and respiratory syncytial virus epidemiology is well documented, that of other respiratory viruses is less reported.
Methods:
We studied respiratory virus epidemiology in southern France from 2018 to 2023, focusing on age-related rhinovirus (RV) epidemiology and molecular epidemiology of RVs circulating during 2022 and 2023 autumn peaks.
Results:
RVs were the most frequently detected viruses. Apart from 2020, RVs exhibited 2 yearly waves, with a summer nadir. During the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) epidemic, respiratory virus circulation was reduced from weeks 14 to 25 of 2020. Interestingly, RVs were the first to recirculate substantially. RV peaks in children <3 years old mostly preceded peaks in adults. Wave-driving relative risk calculations suggest that young children contribute more than adults to RV epidemics, except during the coronavirus disease 2019-related countermeasures. The RV autumn peaks were caused by 27 and 23 genotypes in 2022 and 2023, respectively.
Conclusions:
The circulation of RVs is predominant in children throughout the year. Their peaks are caused by high genotypic diversity. The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic had an impact on RV circulation but to a lesser extent than with the other respiratory viruses.
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