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Related Concept Videos

Precipitation Gravimetry01:03

Precipitation Gravimetry

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Precipitation gravimetry is based on converting an analyte into a sparingly soluble precipitate, which is separated by filtration and weighed. An ideal precipitate should be pure, insoluble, of known composition, and easily filtered from the reaction mixture.
In determining nickel by gravimetric analysis, a precipitant of ethanolic dimethylglyoxime is added to a hot nickel salt solution. This is quickly followed by the dropwise addition of dilute ammonia solution until precipitation occurs. A...
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Precipitation and Co-precipitation01:17

Precipitation and Co-precipitation

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Precipitation and coprecipitation methods can be used to separate a mixture of ions in a solution. In qualitative inorganic analysis, ions that form sparingly soluble precipitates with the same reagent are separated based on the differences in solubility products. For example, consider the separation of Cu(II) and Fe(II) ions by precipitation as insoluble sulfides. First, copper(II) sulfide is precipitated by the addition of acidic H2S, where the dissociation of H2S is suppressed. Adding H2S...
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Precipitation Processes

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The experimental conditions in a gravimetric analysis should be optimized to maximize the particle size and purity of the obtained precipitate. Ideally, the concentration of the precipitating reagent should be low with effective stirring to maintain low relative supersaturation for the growth of large crystals. In homogeneous precipitation, the precipitant is slowly generated by a chemical reaction in the solution to avoid local reagent excesses. For example, urea decomposes gradually to...
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Measurement of Aerosols Optical Thickness of the Atmosphere using the GLOBE Handheld Sun Photometer
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Tracking Seamless All-Hour PM2.5 in China Using a Gridded Surface Visibility-Based Transformer Model.

Xutao Zhang1,2, Ke Gui1,3, Hengheng Zhao1

  • 1State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather Meteorological Science and Technology (LaSW) and Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry of CMA, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing100081, China.

Environmental Science & Technology
|April 17, 2026
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces a new model using surface visibility to track fine particulate matter (PM2.5) continuously, day and night. The gridded SV-based transformer model (GSVTM) provides high-resolution PM2.5 data, overcoming limitations of satellite-based methods.

Keywords:
all-hour PM2.5 monitoringseamless trackingsurface visibilitytransformer model

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Science
  • Atmospheric Science
  • Data Science

Background:

  • Accurate spatiotemporal monitoring of PM2.5 is crucial for environmental and health impact assessments.
  • Existing satellite methods for PM2.5 estimation are limited by cloud cover and lack of nighttime aerosol optical depth (AOD) data, causing fragmented retrievals.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a novel method for seamless, all-hour PM2.5 monitoring.
  • To address the limitations of current satellite-based PM2.5 products, particularly the nighttime data gap.

Main Methods:

  • Introduction of surface visibility (SV) as an alternative to AOD.
  • Development of a gridded SV-based transformer model (GSVTM) integrating multisource meteorological and environmental data.
  • Utilizing multihead attention mechanisms and residual networks to model the relationship between SV and PM2.5.

Main Results:

  • The GSVTM enables seamless all-hour PM2.5 tracking at 6.25 km and hourly resolution across China.
  • Hourly scale: R² of 0.80 and RMSE of 15.14 μg m⁻³.
  • Daily scale: R² of 0.89 and RMSE of 9.73 μg m⁻³, comparable to existing satellite products.
  • Successfully captured PM2.5 transport dynamics during a large-scale pollution event.

Conclusions:

  • The GSVTM represents a significant advancement in continuous PM2.5 monitoring.
  • The model effectively overcomes the nighttime data gap in satellite-based PM2.5 products.
  • Provides reliable, real-time data for understanding diurnal patterns and impacts of PM2.5 at various scales.