Multi-scale anti-wetting/dewetting design of robust superhydrophobic anti-icing surfaces

Superhydrophobic surfaces have emerged as a promising and energy-efficient solution for ice accretion. However, their practical implementation is hindered by the vulnerability of the Cassie-Baxter state under realistic icing conditions, where multi-scale water environments exposure leads to rapid wetting transition and ice adhesion. This review provides a novel and comprehensive perspective on the design of robust superhydrophobic anti-icing surfaces (SAISs), highlighting the key role of anti-wetting/dewetting performances at both macroscopic and microscopic scales. We begin by revisiting fundamental wetting theories from static to dynamic wetting models. Special emphasis is placed on the roles of micro/nano-textures in stabilizing the non-wetting state and facilitating spontaneous dewetting during condensation, icing, and melting. Furthermore, we systematically categorize recent advances in current state-of-the-art SAISs, including all-nanostructured, periodic hierarchical, and random hierarchical architectures, and evaluate their anti-wetting robustness, condensation tolerance, and deicing performance. The integration of superhydrophobicity with photothermal or electrothermal functionalities is also discussed as an emerging strategy to achieve low-energy and high-durability anti-icing systems. Finally, we outline key challenges and future directions for the rational design of SAISs. This review shifts the focus from the often-discussed mechanical and chemical durability to the more pressing issue of wetting stability under water environment exposure, aiming to inspire further innovation in materials engineering for aerospace, energy, and transportation applications in cold climates.