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Invisible pain: Sex/gender differences in pain-related stigma.

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Summary

Stigma impacts pain and mental health outcomes in adults with chronic low back pain (CLBP). This study found no sex or gender differences in stigma or its effects on health outcomes, suggesting stigma interventions are important for all adults with CLBP.

Keywords:
Chronic low back painMental healthNegative affectOpioid medication usePainStigma

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Area of Science:

  • Health psychology
  • Chronic pain research
  • Sex and gender in health

Background:

  • Stigma is linked to adverse health outcomes, including pain, functional limitations, and negative affect.
  • Existing research shows sex/gender disparities in health outcomes, but it's unclear if these extend to stigma or its impact.
  • This study investigates sex/gender differences in health-related stigma and its association with health outcomes in adults with chronic low back pain (CLBP).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To examine sex/gender differences in pain, mental health, and opioid stigma among adults with CLBP.
  • To determine the relationships between health-related stigma and key health outcomes (pain, function, negative affect).
  • To explore whether sex/gender moderates the association between health-related stigma and health outcomes.

Main Methods:

  • Secondary analysis of baseline data from a randomized controlled trial (RCT) involving 261 adults with CLBP.
  • Cross-sectional assessment of chronic pain, mental health, and opioid medication stigma, alongside pain, function, and negative affect.
  • Statistical comparisons of stigma and health outcomes across cisgender men and women, and moderation analyses for sex/gender effects.

Main Results:

  • Chronic pain stigma correlated with increased pain, reduced function, and greater negative affect.
  • Mental health and opioid stigma were primarily associated with increased negative affect.
  • No significant sex/gender differences were found in levels of stigma or health outcomes, and sex/gender did not moderate the stigma-outcome relationships.

Conclusions:

  • Health-related stigma, particularly chronic pain stigma, is associated with poorer health outcomes in adults with CLBP.
  • Interventions targeting stigma may improve health outcomes for all adults with CLBP, irrespective of sex or gender.
  • Stigma reduction strategies are likely to be equally important for both men and women experiencing chronic pain.