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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 19, 2026

Assessing Tumor Microenvironment of Metastasis Doorway-Mediated Vascular Permeability Associated with Cancer Cell Dissemination using Intravital Imaging and Fixed Tissue Analysis
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Targeting angiogenesis: Lessons from 25 years of normalizing tumor vasculature.

Sonu Subudhi1, Somin Lee1, Rakesh K Jain1

  • 1Edwin L. Steele Laboratories, Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.

Cell
|April 17, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Tumor blood vessel formation is complex, impacting drug delivery. Vascular normalization, a new strategy, improves therapeutic efficacy by optimizing tumor vasculature for better treatment outcomes.

Keywords:
angiogenesisendothelial transdifferentiationimmunotherapyintussusceptionmicroenvironmentsprouting angiogenesistumorvascular mimicryvascular normalizationvasculaturevasculogenesisvessel co-option

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Vascular Biology
  • Cancer Therapeutics

Background:

  • Tumors develop abnormal blood vessels through various mechanisms like sprouting angiogenesis and co-option.
  • Dysfunctional tumor vasculature impairs drug delivery and treatment efficacy due to hypoxia, low pH, and immunosuppression.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the evolving strategies for targeting tumor angiogenesis.
  • To highlight the role of vascular normalization in improving therapeutic outcomes.
  • To discuss emerging factors influencing tumor vessel formation and function.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of tumor angiogenesis and vascular normalization.
  • Analysis of molecular mechanisms of tumor vessel formation.
  • Integration of recent findings from spatial-omics and other influencing factors.

Main Results:

  • Tumor vessel formation involves multiple pathways beyond angiogenesis.
  • Abnormal tumor vasculature creates a detrimental microenvironment.
  • Vascular normalization enhances the delivery and efficacy of therapies, including immunotherapies.

Conclusions:

  • Targeting tumor vasculature has evolved from starving tumors to vascular normalization.
  • Emerging factors like neural, microbial, and hormonal influences are critical.
  • Vascular normalization strategies and novel agents hold promise for improved patient outcomes.