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Turbulent flow is characterized by unpredictable fluctuations in velocity and pressure, which result in a chaotic fluid movement distinct from the orderly patterns of laminar flow. While laminar flow is governed by smooth, parallel layers with minimal mixing, turbulent flow exhibits highly irregular, three-dimensional patterns. This behavior arises due to instabilities in the fluid's velocity profile, and amplifies as the flow velocity increases. Minor disturbances, known as turbulent...
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Microtensiometer for Confocal Microscopy Visualization of Dynamic Interfaces
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Bacterial Turbulence at Compressible Fluid Interfaces.

Yuanfeng Yin1, Bokai Zhang2, H P Zhang3,4

  • 1ShanghaiTech University, State Key Laboratory of Quantum Functional Materials, School of Physical Science and Technology, Shanghai, 201210, China.

Physical Review Letters
|April 17, 2026
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

We discovered interfacial bacterial turbulence, a new form of active turbulence. The vortex size depends on fluid thickness, controlled by the coupling between surface and bulk flows.

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Area of Science:

  • Physics
  • Fluid Dynamics
  • Microbiology

Background:

  • Active turbulence is a phenomenon observed in systems with self-propelled units.
  • Dimensional mismatch in active systems, where units are confined to a lower dimension than their induced flows, presents unique challenges and opportunities.
  • Bacterial suspensions at fluid interfaces offer a natural platform to study such phenomena.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate active turbulence in a system with dimensional mismatch.
  • To characterize the emergent properties of interfacial bacterial turbulence.
  • To understand the role of fluid-flow coupling in setting the length scales of active turbulence.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized dense suspensions of hydrophobic Serratia marcescens at the air-water interface.
  • Observed and analyzed compressible in-plane flows.
  • Employed hydrodynamic theory and direct measurements of the three-dimensional flow field.

Main Results:

  • Realized interfacial bacterial turbulence as a distinct class of active turbulence.
  • Observed vortex size increasing with underlying fluid thickness before saturation.
  • Demonstrated that the coupling between interfacial and bulk flows dictates the emergent length scale.

Conclusions:

  • Interfacial bacterial turbulence exhibits unique scaling properties distinct from bulk active turbulence.
  • The interplay between interfacial and bulk hydrodynamics is crucial for emergent phenomena in reduced dimensions.
  • This work provides insights into controlling collective active flows through geometric strategies.