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P2X receptors in immune cells: key regulators of inflammation and immune function

Elena Adinolfi1, Simonetta Falzoni1, Federica Fortuna1

  • 1Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.

Neuropharmacology
|April 17, 2026
PubMed

Insights

P2X receptors, ATP-gated ion channels, are crucial in immune responses and inflammation. They regulate immune cell functions and hold potential as therapeutic targets for various diseases.

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Cell Biology
  • Neuroscience

Background:

  • P2X receptors are ATP-gated ion channels with seven subtypes (P2X1-P2X7).
  • They regulate critical cellular processes including inflammation, synaptic transmission, and cell death.
  • These receptors are broadly expressed across myeloid and lymphoid immune cells.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the immunomodulatory roles of P2X receptors in innate and adaptive immunity.
  • To highlight mechanistic pathways and translational relevance of P2X receptor signaling.
  • To underscore P2X receptors as therapeutic targets for immune-related diseases.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of current and emerging research on P2X receptors in immunology.
  • Analysis of P2X receptor expression and function in diverse immune cell populations.
  • Examination of P2X signaling pathways involved in immune regulation.

Main Results:

  • P2X receptors modulate cytokine secretion, chemotaxis, phagocytosis, and antigen presentation.
  • They play roles in both immune activation and suppression, contributing to tolerance and homeostasis.
  • P2X signaling integrates metabolic and inflammatory cues.

Conclusions:

  • P2X receptors are key regulators of immune cell function and inflammatory responses.
  • They are implicated in a wide range of conditions, including inflammatory, autoimmune, and neuroimmune diseases, as well as cancer.
  • Targeting P2X receptors offers therapeutic potential for diverse pathological conditions.
Keywords:
Extracellular ATPImmune regulationInflammationP2X receptorsPurinergic signaling

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