UK BioCoin: swift trait-specific summary statistics regression for UK Biobank

statistics derived from large-scale biobanks facilitate the sharing of genetic discoveries but are typically limited by fixed covariate adjustments, preventing the exploration of trait-specific adjustments. Here we present UK BioCoin (UKC), a computational device designed to enable efficient, user-specified covariate adjustment without requiring access to individual-level data. Using the UK Biobank (505 unique traits and 10 million SNPs) as a comprehensive demonstration, we demonstrate that UKC generates summary statistics that closely mirror those derived from individual-level data but with approximately 80 times greater computational efficiency. We further validate UKC's utility across diverse applications, including SNP-heritability estimation, polygenic score, and Mendelian randomization, and show that the framework is portable to other cohorts, as demonstrated by its application to the Westlake Biobank. Here, we show that UKC offers a privacy-preserving paradigm that facilitates flexible data sharing and collaborative research.