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Thermal Sigmatropic Reactions: Overview01:16

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Sigmatropic rearrangements are a class of pericyclic reactions in which a σ bond migrates from one part of a π system to another. These are intramolecular rearrangements where the total number of σ and π bonds remain unchanged.
Sigmatropic shifts are classified based on an order term [i, j ], where i and j indicate the number of atoms across which each end of the σ bond migrates. Below are examples of a [3,3] sigmatropic shift in...
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In convection, thermal energy is carried by the large-scale flow of matter. Ocean currents and large-scale atmospheric circulation, which result from the buoyancy of warm air and water, transfer hot air from the tropics toward the poles and cold air from the poles toward the tropics. The Earth’s rotation interacts with those flows, causing the observed eastward flow of air in the temperate zones. Convection dominates heat transfer by air, and the amount of available space for the airflow...
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Heat transfer between the human body and its environment occurs through four main mechanisms: conduction, convection, radiation, and evaporation.
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Understanding heat transfer mechanisms is essential for understanding how our bodies maintain balance in different environmental conditions. When the environment is thermoneutral, the body is in a state of balance, neither using nor releasing energy to maintain its core temperature. However, when the environment is not thermoneutral, the body employs four heat transfer mechanisms to maintain homeostasis: conduction, convection, evaporation, and radiation. These mechanisms facilitate heat...
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Just as interesting as the effects of heat transfer on a system are the methods by which the heat transfer occur. Whenever there is a temperature difference, heat transfer occurs. It may occur rapidly, such as through a cooking pan, or slowly, such as through the walls of a picnic ice box. So many processes involve heat transfer that it is hard to imagine a situation where no heat transfer occurs. Yet, every heat transfer takes place by only three methods: conduction, convection, and radiation.
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Structural Design and Energy Management Performance of Photothermal Phase Change Composites.

Yufan Song1, Zhixing Zhang1, Huitao Yu1

  • 1School of Materials Science and Engineering and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials, Tianjin University, Tianjin, P. R. China.

Advanced Materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)
|April 18, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This review details structural design principles for photothermal phase change composites, crucial for solar energy conversion and storage. Optimized structures enhance light absorption, heat storage, and transport for advanced applications.

Keywords:
energy managementmolecular solar thermalphase change compositessolar energy conversion

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Energy Science
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • Photothermal phase change composites are key for solar energy conversion and storage.
  • Their performance relies heavily on multiscale structural design.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review structural design principles for photothermal phase change composites.
  • To elucidate how these structures regulate energy processes and optimize performance.

Main Methods:

  • Summarizing design principles: photoresponsive isomers, thermal networks, heterostructures, gradient layouts, bioinspired architectures.
  • Analyzing composite systems integrating carbon scaffolds, porous supports, PCMs, and STFs.
  • Reviewing fabrication approaches and performance optimization.

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated synergistic regulation of light absorption, heat storage, and transport via structural design.
  • Highlighted composite systems with diverse components and fabrication methods.
  • Showcased applications in solar energy, building efficiency, thermal management, and wearables.

Conclusions:

  • Addressed challenges: structural stability, scalable manufacturing, multifunctional integration.
  • Outlined future directions: intelligent, sustainable, system-level solutions.
  • Provided a foundation for designing high-performance photothermal phase change composites.