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Muscles of the Anterior Neck

Muscles of the Anterior Neck

The anterior neck muscles are the group of muscles covering the front part of the neck. These muscles are classified into three subgroups. The first one is the superficial muscles, the most visible muscles in the front of the neck. It includes the platysma and sternocleidomastoid. The second group is the suprahyoid muscles, located above the hyoid bone. This group comprises the digastric, mylohyoid, geniohyoid, and stylohyoid. Lastly, the infrahyoid muscles are found below the hyoid bone and...

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Updated: Apr 19, 2026

Subcutaneous Administration of Muscarinic Antagonists and Triple-Immunostaining of the Levator Auris Longus Muscle in Mice

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Efficient Suprahyoid Muscle Contraction by Combined Modulated Currents in Mice.

Tomoya Ishida¹, Yoichiro Sugiyama¹, Yuki Sato¹

¹Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Saga, Japan.

The Laryngoscope

|April 18, 2026

Summary

Novel electrical stimulation patterns significantly improve suprahyoid muscle activation for swallowing rehabilitation. Combining amplitude-modulated alternating current (AC) with pulsed currents offers a synergistic approach to enhance neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES).

Keywords:

combined modulated current mice neuromuscular electrical stimulation suprahyoid muscle swallowing

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Area of Science:

Biomedical Engineering
Neuroscience
Rehabilitation Science

Background:

Swallowing dysfunction (dysphagia) affects millions, often linked to impaired suprahyoid muscle function.
Current neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) techniques for dysphagia have limitations in optimizing muscle activation.
Developing advanced stimulation patterns is crucial for improving swallowing rehabilitation outcomes.

Purpose of the Study:

To optimize electrical stimulation (ES) parameters for suprahyoid muscles to enhance swallowing function.
To investigate novel stimulus waveforms, including amplitude-modulated alternating current (AC) and pulsed currents.
To determine the most effective ES modalities for improving muscle contraction efficiency and reducing activation thresholds.

Main Methods:

Tested various ES waveforms: 80-Hz rectangular pulse, 2-kHz AC with nth-power sinusoidal modulation (n=1, 5, 7, 9, 11), and 4/8-kHz sine waves.
Evaluated combined 2-kHz AC with sinusoidal modulation and short-pulsed currents (20 μs duration).
Applied stimuli via subcutaneous electrodes in anesthetized mice, measuring threshold intensities and discomfort in awake subjects.

Main Results:

Increasing sinusoidal modulation power in AC significantly reduced muscle contraction thresholds.
Composite waveforms (amplitude-modulated sinusoids + short pulse trains) lowered thresholds more than non-pulsed stimuli.
No significant difference in discomfort thresholds was observed between AC and composite stimulation types.

Conclusions:

An exponential relationship exists between amplitude-modulated AC and suprahyoid muscle contraction efficiency.
Integrating pulsed current with sinusoidal stimulation synergistically optimizes muscle activation.
Findings provide a basis for advanced NMES strategies in swallowing rehabilitation.