A Critical Review on Analytical Techniques for Microplastics in Food Commodities

Microplastic (MP) contamination in food has emerged as a critical global concern due to the extensive use of plastics and their persistence in the environment. These particles, originating from degradation of larger plastics or direct industrial sources, have been detected in diverse food matrices, including seafood, salt, bottled water, and dairy products, posing potential health risks to consumers. This review critically evaluates the analytical techniques used to detect, identify, and quantify MPs in food. Conventional methods such as microscopy (light, fluorescence, SEM), spectroscopy (FTIR, Raman), and thermal analysis (TGA, DSC, Py-GC/MS) are discussed with respect to their sensitivity, specificity, and applicability. Chromatographic and mass spectrometric techniques, including LC-MS (Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry) and MALDI-MS (Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Mass Spectrometry), offer molecular-level insights but require complex sample preparation. Emerging tools such as nanoparticle-based sensors, DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid) biosensors, microfluidic lab-on-a-chip devices, and AI-assisted imaging represent significant advances toward rapid, sensitive, and portable detection. Despite progress, challenges persist due to heterogeneous food matrices, lack of standardized protocols, and limited regulatory frameworks. The review emphasizes the need for harmonized methodologies, interdisciplinary research, and innovative detection strategies to ensure reliable monitoring of MPs and safeguard food safety.