Herbal polysaccharide incorporated injectable hydrogel for irregular hemorrhage control and tissue regeneration

Irregular and complex wounds remain a major clinical challenge due to the difficulty of achieving simultaneous hemostasis, antibacterial protection, and tissue regeneration on non-planar surfaces. Herein, we present an injectable hydrogel (CAC@BSP-H) that integrates Bletilla striata polysaccharide (BSP) with a carboxylated cellulose nanofiber-acrylamide-carbon nanotube (CAC) matrix. The CAC framework provides mechanical robustness and flexibility through synergistic hydrogen and electrostatic interactions, while carbon nanotubes enhance adhesion, viscoelasticity, and near-infrared (NIR) photothermal responsiveness. BSP retains its intrinsic hemostatic and regenerative bioactivities without compromising structural stability. In vitro, it promoted cell migration and angiogenesis, with a 3.56-fold increase in tube formation (P < 0.001). Notably, CAC@BSP-H achieved an adhesion strength of 131.41 kPa on porcine skin, far exceeding that of commercial medical adhesives. In vivo, CAC@BSP-H greatly diminished blood loss and accelerated hemostasis in hepatic hemorrhage models, with 95.40% less blood loss and 96.60% shorter hemostasis time compared to the control group. NIR-triggered treatment achieved an 80.34% antibacterial rate and 98.26% wound closure. This multifunctional, NIR-responsive hydrogel provides a robust and adaptive platform for efficient management of complex and irregular wounds.